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Hydrochloric acid - Production | | Hydrochloric acid - Production: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Production | |
Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis.
The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemical production. In the chlor-alkali industry, salt solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. The pure chlorine gas can be re-combined with the hydrogen gas, forming chemically pure HCl gas. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven.
Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl
The resulting pure hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in demineralized water, ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety | | | Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Chloride, inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloride, organic salts of hydrochloric acid, Hydrogen chloride, the pure gas, of which hydrochloric acid is the solution, Hypochlorous acid, and its salt hypochlorite, Chlorous acid, and its salt chlorite, Chloric acid, and its salt chlorate, Perchloric acid, and its salt perchlorate | | |
| | | Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Production
Hydrochloric acid - Production
Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis
The large scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with other industrial scale chemical production. In the chlor-alkali industry, salt solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen. The pure chlorine gas can be re-combined with the hydrogen gas, forming chemically pure HCl gas. As the reaction is exothermic, the installation is called an HCl oven.
Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl
The resulting pure hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in demineralized water, resulting in chemically pure hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis
The largest production of hydrochloric acid is integrated with the formation of chlorinated and fluorinated organic compounds, e.g., Teflon, Freon and other CFCs, chloro-acetic acid, and PVC. Often this production of hydrochloric acid is integrated with captive use of it on-site. In the chemical reactions, hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine atoms, whereupon the released hydrogen atom re-combines with the spare atom from the chlorine molecule, forming hydrogen chloride. Fluorination is a subsequent chlorine-replacement reaction, producing again hydrogen chloride.
R-H + Cl2 → R-Cl + HCl
R-Cl + HF → R-F + HCl
The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is either re-used directly, or absorbed in water, resulting in hydrochloric acid of technical or industrial grade.
Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market
Hydrochloric acid is produced in solutions up to 38% HCl (concentrated grade). Higher concentrations up to just over 40% are chemically possible, but the evaporation rate is then so high that storage and handling need extra precautions, such as pressure and low temperature. Bulk industrial-grade is therefore 30% to 34%, optimized for effective transport and limited product loss by HCl vapours. Solutions for household purposes, mostly cleaning, are typically 10% to 12%, with strong recommendations to dilute before use.
Major producers worldwide include Dow Chemical at 2 million metric tonnes annually (2 Mt/year), calculated as HCl gas, and FMC, Georgia Gulf Corporation, Tosoh Corporation, Akzo Nobel, and Tessenderlo at 0.5 to 1.5 Mt/year each. Total world production, for comparison purposes expressed as HCl, is estimated at 20 Mt/year, with 3 Mt/year from direct synthesis, and the rest as secondary product from organic and similar syntheses. By far, most of all hydrochloric acid is consumed captively by the producer. The open world market size is estimated at 5 Mt/year.
Other related archives15th century, 1772, 17th century, 1818, 1863, 1988, 20th century, 800, Acid, Akzo Nobel, Alkali Act, Arab, Basilius Valentinus, Benedictine, CFCs, Cation exchange, Chemical engineering, Chemical industry, Chloric acid, Chloride, Chlorous acid, Cl, Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Dangerous goods, Davy, Dow Chemical, EU classification, Erfurt, Germany, FMC, Freon, Georgia Gulf Corporation, Glauber, H, Humphry Davy, Hydrochloride, Hydrogen chloride, Hypochlorous acid, Industrial Revolution, Inorganic chemistry, Issoundun, France, Jabir ibn Hayyan, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), Johann Rudolf Glauber, Joseph Priestley, Karlstadt am Main, Germany, Leblanc process, Leeds, England, List of chemistry topics, List of inorganic compounds, MDI, Mannheim process, Middle Ages, Nicolas Leblanc, North Sea oil, PVC, Penzance, England, Perchloric acid, Phosgene, Pickling, Priestley, Risk and Safety Statements, Solvay process, TDI, Teflon, Tessenderlo, Tosoh Corporation, World War I, Yemeni, absorbed, achlorhydria, acid dissociation constant, acid-base reactions, activated carbon, alchemist, alkaline, alveolar, antacids, aqua regia, aqueous, ascorbic acid, aspartame, atoms, azeotrope, base, basic, basicity, battery, bisphenol A, bleach (NaClO), boiling, building, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, canon, capillary, carbonic acid, catalyst, chemical analysis, chemical reactions, chemical substance, chemical warfare, chlor-alkali, chlorate, chloride ion, chlorinated, chlorine, chlorite, citric acid, cleaning, cocaine, common salt, concentration, concentrations, conjugate base, construction, copper(II) oxide, corrosive, crystal, crystallization, demineralized, density, digestive fluid, dissociate, drinking water, electrolyzed, electroplating, epithelial, epithelium, eutectic, eutectic points, evaporation, exothermic, extrusion, ferrous chloride, flocculation, fluorinated, food, food additives, fructose, galvanizing, gastric acid, gastroenteritis, gelatin, heartburn, heavy-metal, heroin, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrolysis, hydronium, hypochlorhydria, hypochlorite, ice, industrial organic compounds production, ingredients, ingredients in food, inorganic, ion exchange resins, ions, iron, iron oxide, iron(III) chloride, leather, liquid, lumen, lung, lysine, melting points, membranes, metal, metals, molarity, monoprotic acid, mucus, mustard gas, neutralizing, nickel(II) chloride, nitric acid, oil production, oil well, organic, organic compounds, oven, oxidation-reduction, pH, paper, parietal cells, peptic ulcers, perchlorate, permanganate (KMnO4), pharmaceutical, philosopher's stone, physical properties, plastic, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polycarbonate, polyurethane, pressure, priory, production, protein, proton, proton pump inhibitors, pulmonary edema, reagent, rolling, rust, safety, salt, scientists, soda ash, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, solution, spent acid, steel, stomach, storage, strong acid, strong acids, sulfuric acid, swimming pool, systematic, temperature, tight junctions, titration, tonnes, transport, vapours, vinyl chloride, vitriol, wastewater treatment, water, zinc chloride
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Production", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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