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Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms | | Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms | |
Hydrochloric acid - Physiology.
Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach. ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety | | | Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Chloride, inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloride, organic salts of hydrochloric acid, Hydrogen chloride, the pure gas, of which hydrochloric acid is the solution, Hypochlorous acid, and its salt hypochlorite, Chlorous acid, and its salt chlorite, Chloric acid, and its salt chlorate, Perchloric acid, and its salt perchlorate | | |
| | | Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms
Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms
Hydrochloric acid - Physiology
Hydrochloric acid constitutes the majority of gastric acid, the human digestive fluid. In a complex process and at a large energetic burden, it is secreted by parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells). These cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. They are part of the epithelial fundic glands (also known as oxyntic glands) in the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology
Safety mechanisms that prevent the damage of the epithelium of digestive tract by hydrochloric acid are the following:
- negative regulators of its release
- a thick mucus layer covering the epithelium
- sodium bicarbonate secreted by gastric epithelial cells and pancreas
- the structure of epithelium (tight junctions)
- adequate blood supply
- prostaglandins (many different effects: they stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion, maintain epithelial barrier integrity, enable adequate blood supply, stimulate the healing of the damaged mucous membrane)
When, due to different reasons, these mechanisms fail, heartburn or peptic ulcers can develop. Drugs called proton pump inhibitors prevent the body from making excess acid in the stomach, while antacids neutralize existing acid.
In some instances, not enough of hydrochloric acid gets produced in the stomach. These pathologic states are denoted by the terms hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria. Potentially they can lead to gastroenteritis.
Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons
Phosgene (COCl2) was a common chemical warfare agent used in World War I. The main effect of phosgene results from the dissolution of the gas in the mucous membranes deep in the lung, where it is converted by hydrolysis into carbonic acid and the corrosive hydrochloric acid. The latter disrupts the alveolar-capillary membranes so that the lung becomes filled with fluid (pulmonary edema).
Hydrochloric acid is also partly responsible for the harmful or blistering effects of mustard gas. In the presence of water, such as on the moist surface of the eyes or lungs, mustard gas breaks down forming hydrochloric acid.
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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Hydrochloric acid and living organisms", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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