 | History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century
History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good anti-Semitism" and "bad anti-Semitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc. Many Catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing Jews on such grounds, and, when accused of promoting hatred of Jews, would remind people that they condemned the "bad" kind of anti-Semitism. A detailed account is found in historian David Kertzer's book The Popes Against the Jews.
1903 The Kishinev pogrom: 49 Jews murdered.
1905 The first appearance of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Russia.
1911 The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev.
1915 The World War I prompts expulsion of 250,000 Jews from Western Russia.
1917-1921 Attacked for being revolutionaries or counter-revolutionaries, unpatriotic pacifists or warmongers, religious zealots or godless atheists, capitalist exploiters or bourgeois profiteers, masses of Jewish civilians (by various estimates 70,000 to 250,000, the number of orphans exceeded 300,000) were murdered in pogroms in the course of Russian Civil War. Out of estimated 900 mass pogroms:
- about 40% were perpetrated by the forces led by Simon Petlyura fighting for Ukrainian directorate. Its president Vladimir Vinnichenko was quoted as saying: "The pogroms will cease when Jews will cease to be Communists",
- 25% by the Green Army and various nationalist and anarchist gangs,
- 17% by the White Army, especially forces of Anton Denikin,
- 8.5% by the Red Army. (Source: Solzhenitsyn 200 Years Together)
1919-1922 Soviet Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) attacks Bund and Zionist parties for "Jewish cultural particularism". In April 1920, the All-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by Cheka led by Bolsheviks, whose leadership and ranks included many anti-Jewish Jews. Thousands are arrested and sent to Gulag for "counter-revolutionary... collusion in the interests of Anglo-French bourgeoisie... to restore the Palestine state." Hebrew language is banned, Judaism is suppressed, along with other religions.
1920 The Jerusalem pogrom of April, 1920 of old Yishuv, incited by Haj Amin Al-Husseini.
1920 The idea that Bolshevik revolution is a Jewish conspiracy for the world domination sparks worldwide interest in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. In a single year, five editions are sold out in England alone. In the US Henry Ford prints 500,000 copies and begins a series of anti-Semitic articles in The Dearborn Independent newspaper.
1921 Riots in Palestine of May, 1921 also known as Jaffa riots. Those riots eventually lead to Tel Aviv developing a business district, and Tel Aviv goes on to become one of the largest cities in Israel.
1921-1925 Outbreak of Anti-Semitism in USA, lead by Ku Klux Klan.
1925 Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.
1929 August 23. The ancient Jewish community of Hebron destroyed in the Hebron massacre. Hebron Massacre
1933-1941 Persecution of Jews in Germany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, but also as human beings. It is also during this time in which Anti-Semitism reached an all-time high. [2]
- Law against Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities
- Law for the Reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service (ban on professions)
1934 2,000 of Afghani Jews expelled from their towns and forced to live in the wilderness.
1935 Nuremberg Laws introduced. Jewish rights rescinded. The Reich Citizenship Law strips them of citizenship. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor:
- Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
- Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
- Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants.
- Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors.
1938 Anschluss, pogroms in Vienna, anti-Jewish legislation, deportations to concentration camps.
- Decree authorizing local authorities to bar Jews from the streets on certain days
- Decree empowering the justice Ministry to void wills offending the "sound judgment of the people"
- Decree providing for compulsory sale of Jewish real estate
- Decree providing for liquidation of Jewish real estate agencies, brokerage agencies, and marriage agencies catering to non-Jews
- Directive providing for concentration of Jews in houses
1938 Father Charles E. Coughlin, Roman Catholic priest, starts anti-Semitic weekly radio broadcasts in the United States.
1938 November 9 and 10, Kristallnacht (Night of The Broken Glass). In one night most German synagogues and hundreds of Jewish-owned German businesses are destroyed. Almost 100 Jews are killed, and 10,000 are sent to concentration camps. Kristallnacht and The World's Response
1938 November 17. Racial legislation introduced in Italy. Anti Jewish economic legislation in Hungary.
1938 July 6 - July 15. Evian Conference: 31 country refuses to accept Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany (with exception of Dominican Republic). Most find temporary refuge in Poland. See also Bermuda Conference.
1939 The "Voyage of the damned": S.S. St. Louis, carrying 907 Jewish refugees from Germany, is turned back by Cuba and the US. The Tragedy of the S.S. St. Louis
1939 February. The Congress of the United States rejects the Wagner-Rogers Bill, an effort to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children under the age of 14 from Nazi Germany. A Decision Not to Save 20,000 Jewish Children
1939-1945 The Holocaust. About 6 million Jews, including 1.5 million children, systematically killed by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (3 million), Soviet Union (2 million) and other countries of Europe (1 million). See also Holocaust denial.
1941 The Farhud pogrom in Baghdad results in 200 Jews dead, 2,000 wounded.
1946 July 4. The Kielce pogrom. Over 40 Jews were massacred and 80 wounded out of about 200 who returned home after World War II. There were also killed 2 non-Jewish Poles.
1946 Nikita Khrushchev, then the first secretary of Communist party of Ukraine, closes many synagogues (the number declines from 450 to 60) and prevents Jewish refugees from returning to their homes: "It is not in our interests that the Ukrainians should associate the return of the Soviet power with the return of the Jews." (Joseph Schechtmann, Star in Eclipse: Russian Jewry Revisited).
1948 January 13 Solomon Mikhoels, actor-director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater and chairman of Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee is killed in suspicious car accident (see MGB). Mass arrests of prominent Jewish intellectuals and suppression of Jewish culture follow under the banners of campaign on rootless cosmopolitanism and anti-Zionism. Some 13 Yiddish writers were executed on Aug. 12, 1952, among them Peretz Markish, Leib Kwitko, David Hoffstein, Itzik Feffer, David Bergelson, Der Nister. In 1955 UN General Assembly's session a high Soviet official still denied the "rumors" about their disappearance.
1948-2001 The Jewish population of Arab Middle East and North Africa is reduced from 900,000 to less than 8,000. Some communities, as ancient as the Babylonian captivity, uprooted due to anti-Semitism. (See also Jewish refugees).
1952 The Prague Trials
1953 The Doctors' plot accusation in the USSR. Scores of Soviet Jews dismissed from their jobs, arrested, some executed.
1964 The Catholic Church under Pope Paul VI issues the document Nostra Aetate as part of Vatican II, repudiating the doctrine of Jewish guilt for the Crucifixion.
1960s-1991 The rise of Zionology in the Soviet Union. In 1983, the Department of Propaganda and the KGB's Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public orchestrates formally "anti-Zionist" campaign.
1968 The "anti-Zionist" campaign in Poland. Most of the remaining Jews of Poland emigrate.
1972 The Munich Olympic Massacre.
Since 1987 Activities of Pamyat and other "nonformal" ultra-nationalist organizations in the Soviet Union.
1992 March 17. The Israeli Embassy Attack in Buenos Aires. 29 killed, and 242 wounded.
1994 July 18. Buenos Aires. The Argentina-Israeli Mutual Association building bombing. 86 killed, 300 wounded.
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