 | History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century
History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century
1505 Ten České Budějovice Jews are tortured and executed for killing a Christian girl; later, on deathbed, shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation.
1506 April 19. A marrano expresses his doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in Lisbon, Portugal. The crowd, led by Dominican monks, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses and slaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre and join in. Over 2,000 marranos killed in three days.
1509 August 19. Converted Jew Johann Pfefferkorn in Frankfurt receives authority of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud.
1510 July 19. Forty Jews are executed in Brandenburg, Germany for allegedly desecrating the host; remainder expelled. November 23. Less-wealthy Jews expelled from Naples; remainder heavily taxed. 38 Jews burned at the stake in Berlin.
1511 June 6. Eight Roman Catholic converts from Judaism burned at the stake for allegedly reverting.
1516 The first ghetto is established, on one of the islands in Venice.
1519 Martin Luther leads Protestant Reformation and challenges the doctrine of Servitus Judaeorum "... to deal kindly with the Jews and to instruct them to come over to us". February 21. All Jews expelled from Ratisbon/Regensburg.
1520 Pope Leo X allows Jews print Talmud in Venice
1527 June 16. Jews are ordered to leave Florence, but the edict is soon rescinded.
1528 Three judaizers are burned at the stake in Mexico City's first auto da fe.
1535 After Spanish troops capture Tunis all the local Jews are sold into slavery.
1543 In his pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies Martin Luther advocates an eight-point plan to get rid of the Jews as a distinct group either by religious conversion or by expulsion:
- "...set fire to their synagogues or schools..."
- "...their houses also be razed and destroyed..."
- "...their prayer books and Talmudic writings... be taken from them..."
- "...their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb..."
- "...safe-conduct on the highways be abolished completely for the Jews..."
- "...usury be prohibited to them, and that all cash and treasure of silver and gold be taken from them..." and "Such money should now be used in ... the following [way]... Whenever a Jew is sincerely converted, he should be handed [certain amount]..."
- "...young, strong Jews and Jewesses [should]... earn their bread in the sweat of their brow..."
- "If we wish to wash our hands of the Jews' blasphemy and not share in their guilt, we have to part company with them. They must be driven from our country" and "we must drive them out like mad dogs."
1540 All Jews are banished from Prague.
1545 Lutherans raid and loot synagogue in Berlin. Jews subsequently expelled.
1546 Martin Luther's sermon Admonition against the Jews contains accusations of ritual murder, black magic, and poisoning of wells. Luther recognizes no obligation to protect the Jews.
1547 Ivan the Terrible becomes ruler of Russia and refuses to allow Jews to live in or even enter his kingdom because they "bring about great evil" (quoting his response to request by Polish king Sigismund).
1550 Dr. Joseph Hacohen is chased out of Genoa for practicing medicine; soon all Jews are expelled.
1553 Pope Julius III forbids Talmud printing and orders burning of any copy found. Rome’s Inquisitor-General, Cardinal Carafa (later Pope Paul IV) has Talmud publicly burnt in Rome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy. About 12,000 copies were destroyed.
1554 Cornelio da Montalcino, a Franciscan Friar who converted to Judaism, is burned alive in Rome.
1555 In Papal Bull Cum nimis absurdum, Pope Paul IV writes: "It appears utterly absurd and impermissible that the Jews, whom God has condemned to eternal slavery for their guilt, should enjoy our Christian love." He renews anti-Jewish legislation and installs a locked nightly ghetto in Rome. The Bull also forces Jewish males to wear a yellow hat, females - yellow kerchief. Owning real estate or practicing medicine on Christians is forbidden. It also limits Jewish communities to only one synagogue.
1557 Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.
1558 Recanati, Italy: a baptized Jew Joseph Paul More enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protection of Pope Paul IV and tries to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews are expelled from Recanati.
1559 Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions that it is printed by a Christian and the text is censored.
1563 February. Russian troops take Polotsk from Lithuania, Jews are given ultimatum: embrace Russian Orthodox Church or die. Around 300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of Dvina river.
1564 Brest-Litovsk: the son of a wealthy Jewish tax collector is accused of killing the family's Christian servant for ritual purposes. He is tortured and executed in line with the law. King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland forbids future charges of ritual murder, calling them groundless.
1565 Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.
1566 Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as Pope Pius V, reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of Pope Paul IV.
1586 Pope Sixtus V forbids printing of the Talmud.
1590 Jewish quarter of Mikulov burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage. King Philip II of Spain orders expulsion of Jews from Lombardy. His order is ignored by local authorities until 1597, when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile.
1593 Pope Clement VIII expels Jews from all Papal states except Rome and Ancona.
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