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Dictionary - Pronunciation | | Dictionary - Pronunciation: Encyclopedia II - Dictionary - Pronunciation | | Dictionaries have had a variety of means of expressing the means of pronouncing words in those languages that are not entirely phonetic. Three different methods are common.
The earliest was simply to indicate the syllables that have greater stress using accent marks, such as in Samuel Johnson's eighteenth century dictionary. Here the accent mark followed the stressed syllable. This is analogous to the tonal marks for Chinese or the accent nucleus for Japanese. Regular languages such as Spanish do no ...
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| | | Dictionary: Encyclopedia II - Dictionary - Pronunciation
Dictionary - Pronunciation
Dictionaries have had a variety of means of expressing the means of pronouncing words in those languages that are not entirely phonetic. Three different methods are common.
The earliest was simply to indicate the syllables that have greater stress using accent marks, such as in Samuel Johnson's eighteenth century dictionary. Here the accent mark followed the stressed syllable. This is analogous to the tonal marks for Chinese or the accent nucleus for Japanese. Regular languages such as Spanish do not need any special marking for this purpose.
For languages that have no official standard pronunciation, like English or German, a system of respelling was introduced with the letters given diacritics, also known as accent marks, (e.g., macrons, tildes, breves, circumflexes) that do not occur in ordinary writing to assist the reader in pronouncing the words. These had the additional capacity for accepting regional differences, especially in a federal society. For example, most Americans pronounce the first vowel in one group of words such as "ask" and "dance" in one manner, while it is a standard for the English to pronounce them in a consistenly different manner. Some dictionaries before 1970 added an accent mark of one dot atop the letter "a," which specifies this choice, rather than either one definitively.
Finally, totally new phonetic alphabets such as IPA were devised, especially for those languages like French which have an official pronunciation. These use an accent mark that precedes a stressed syllable. It is also used to indicate only one preferred pronunciation, such as RP or General American, for foreigners to learn the language or for domestic people to alter their dialect. Currently this system has prestige, but it cannot easily interrelate dialectic variations.
Other related archives1604, 1606, 1656, 1755, 1806, 18th century, 1961, 2nd century, American Heritage, Encarta, A Dictionary of the English Language, American English, American and British English differences, American language, Augustus, Australian English, COBUILD, Cambridge University Press, Centre for Lexicography, Chambers Dictionary, Chinese, Chinese characters, Chinese language, Collaborative International Dictionary of English, Collins, Collins English Dictionary, Commonwealth English, Concise Oxford Dictionary, Corpus linguistics, DICT, Dai Kan-Wa jiten, Der Große Muret Sanders, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Dicionário Aurélio, Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Dictionnaire de la langue française (Littré), Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române, Duden, EU, Encyclopedic dictionary, Everything2, Festus, Freeware, Funk and Wagnalls, GCIDE, GNU, GNU General Public License, GPL, Game of Circ, General American, Han (Chinese) characters, IPA, J. L. Synge, Japanese, Japanese dictionaries, Jorge Luis Borges, Kangxi Zidian, Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kitab al-Ayn, Kōjien, LSP dictionary, Latin, Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française, Lexicographic error, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Macquarie Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Michaelis, Monolingual learners' dictionaries, New Oxford American Dictionary, New Oxford Dictionary of English, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Noah Webster, Norsk Ordbok, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, PWN, Paul the Deacon, Petit Robert, Pronunciation (simple guide to markup, American), RP, Real Academia Española, Rhyming dictionary, Rime dictionary, Roman, Samuel Johnson, Shin Meikai kokugo jiten, Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Shuowen Jiezi, Springfield, Massachusetts, Svenska Akademiens Ordbok, Table Alphabeticall, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, The Century Dictionary, Thesaurus, Thomas Blount, Urban Dictionary, Verrius Flaccus, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Webster's Third, Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Webster's dictionary, Wikipedia, Wiktionary, WordNet, Xu Shen, alphabetic, bilingual dictionaries, breves, circumflexes, collation, core glossary, corpus, defining dictionary, diacritics, etymologies, freedict, glossary, glyphs, grammatical, ideographic, idioms, kanji, lemma, leo.org, lexicographic information costs, lexicography, macrons, maximizing dictionaries, maximizing dictionary, metaphors, minimizing dictionaries, minimizing dictionary, multi-field dictionary, new age, occult, open content, phonetic alphabets, portal, pronunciation, radical, romanized, single-field dictionary, specialized dictionary, stroke, strokes, sub-field dictionary, tildes, writing systems
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Pronunciation", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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