Classics: Encyclopedia - Classics

Classics

Classics, particularly within the Western University tradition, when used as a singular noun, means the study of the language, literature, history, art, and other aspects of Greek and Roman culture during the time frame known as classical antiquity. As a plural noun "classics" can refer to texts written in the ancient Mediterranean world. The study of classics is a primary subject for the humanities, and the people reading classics are sometimes called humanists but are more often referred to as classicists.

Symmetrically, in China's cultural sphere of influence, the character 經 (jing in pinyin) refers to a set of texts written during Chinese antiquity and the study of the language, literature, history and philosophy of ancient China, mostly through this corpus of Chinese classical texts, can be described as studying classics. Chinese men of letters sharing Confucian values can also be paralleled with Western humanists.

Classics - Western Classics

The word is derived from the Latin adjective classicus which literally means "belonging to the highest class of citizens", and has further connotations of superiority, authority and even perfection. The first recorded use of the word was by Aulus Gellius, a Roman author of the second century who in his miscellany Noctes Atticae (19, 8, 15) refers to classicus scriptor, non proletarius. He was ranking writers according to the classification of the Roman taxation classes.

This method was started when the Greeks were constantly ranking their cultural work. The word they used was canon; ancient Greek for a carpenter's rule. Moreover, early Christian Church Fathers used this term to classify authoritative texts of the New Testament. This rule further helped in the preservation of works since writing platforms of vellum and papyrus and methods of reproduction was not cheap. The title of canon placed on a work meant that it would be more easily preserved for future generations. In modern times, a Western canon was collated that defined the best of Western culture.

At the Alexandrian Library, the ancient scholars coined another term for canonized authors, hoi enkrithentes; "the admitted" or "the included".

Classical studies incorporate a certain type of methodology. The Rule of the classical world and of Christian culture and society was Philo's rule:

Classical education was considered the best training for implanting the life of moral excellence arete, hence a good citizen. It furnished students with intellectual and aesthetic appreciation for "the best which has been thought and said in the world". Copleston, an Oxford classicist said that classical education "communicates to the mind...a high sense of honour, a disdain of death in a good cause, (and) a passionate devotion to the welfare of one's country". Cicero commented, "All literature, all philosophical treatises, all the voices of antiquity are full of examples for imitation, which would all lie unseen in darkness without the light of literature".

At Oxford University Classics is known as Literae Humaniores, comprising the study of Ancient Greek and Latin language and literature, Greek and Roman art and archaeology, history and philosophy. It is sometimes known as Greats after the nickname for the final examinations.

Classics - Quotes

• "Nor can I do better, in conclusion, than impress upon you the study of Greek literature, which not only elevates above the vulgar herd but leads not infrequently to positions of considerable emolument."
  —Thomas Gaisford, Christmas sermon, Christ Church, Oxford.

See also

• Classical scholars
• Classics basic topics
• Literae Humaniores
• Ancient Greece
• Ancient Rome
• Philology
• Humanism
• Western culture
• Western World

Classics - Bibliography

• "Classicism in Literature", René Wellek, Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas, ed. by Philip P. Wiener, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, l968, l973.
• The Oldest Dead White European Males, And Other Reflections on the Classics, Bernard Knox, W. W. Norton & Co., NY, London, l993.

Classics - Western Classical Reference Library

• Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, ed. by Harry Thurston Peck, Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., 1st pub. 1896, 2nd ed. 1897, reprinted l962. (1701 pages)
• The New Century Classical Handbook, ed. by Catherine B. Avery, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., Ny, l962. (1162 pages)
• The Oxford Classical Dictionary, N. G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard, 2nd ed., Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1970. (1176 pages)
• The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, ed. by M.C. Howatson, Oxford University Press, NY, l989. (615 pages)
• Loeb Classical Library

Classics - Misc. Bibliography

• Beard, Mary; Henderson, John. Classics: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0192853139); 2000 (new edition, paperback, ISBN 0192853856).
• Briggs, Ward W.; Calder, III, William M. Classical scholarship: A biographical encyclopedia (Garland reference library of the humanities). London: Taylor & Francis, 1990 (ISBN 0824084489).
• Macrone, Michael. Brush Up Your Classics. NY: Gramercy Books, l991. (Guide to famous words, phrases and stories of Greek classics.)
• Dictionary of British classicists, 1500–1960 by Richard B. Todd (General editor). Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 (ISBN 1855069970).

Classics - Classical links

• The Ancient Library
• American Philological Association
• L'Année philologique
• Bibliotheca Augustana
• Classical associations worldwide at the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge.
• Classical departments worldwide at the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge.
• Classical Resources on Internet at the Chair of Classical Philology, University of Tartu.
• De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
• Electronic Resources for Classicists by the University of California, Irvine.
• Illustrated History of the Roman Empire
• International News Service for Historians (is not dedicated to the Classics only, but very useful, especially for book reviews).
• The Online Medieval and Classical Library
• The Perseus Digital Library
• Pomoerium Classics
• Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
• Wiki Classical Dictionary

Categories: Classical studies | Culture | Ancient Greece | Ancient Rome

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Classics", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki