Austen Chamberlain: Encyclopedia - Austen Chamberlain

Austen Chamberlain

The Right Honourable Sir Austen Chamberlain (October 16, 1863 – March 17, 1937) was a British statesman and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.

Austen Chamberlain - Early career

Austen was educated at Cambridge University and the Paris Institute of Political Studies (best known as the Sciences Po). He was the son of Birmingham's Mayor Joseph Chamberlain and older half-brother of Neville Chamberlain, Austen was first elected to parliament as a Liberal Unionist in 1892. In 1903, he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and following his father's stroke and enforced retirement from active politics a few years later, he became the leader of the protectionist wing of the Unionist Party (as the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists were by then commonly known).

Austen Chamberlain - Almost leader

In 1911, Chamberlain was one of the leading candidates to succeed Arthur James Balfour as Conservative leader - even though he was still a member of the Liberal Unionist party (the two parties merged formally in 1912). However he was opposed by Walter Long and both men were eventually persuaded to withdraw in favour of Andrew Bonar Law, who was chosen as a compromise candidate.

Austen Chamberlain - World War One

In 1915 Chamberlain returned to the cabinet in Asquith's wartime coalition government, as Secretary of State for India.

He continued as India Secretary in Lloyd George's government after 1916 but resigned in 1917. Later he returned to government and became a member of the War Cabinet in 1918. In 1919, he was again at the Exchequer.

Austen Chamberlain - Briefly leader

In 1921, Bonar Law retired, and Chamberlain succeeded him both as leader of Conservative MPs (but technically not of the Party as a whole, as is popularly supposed, since that accolade was then only given to a Conservative who became Prime Minister) and as Lord Privy Seal. Unfortunately for Chamberlain, in late 1922 the Conservative backbenchers rebelled against their leadership for remaining in the coalition with Lloyd George, and dumped Chamberlain as their leader, bringing Law back as Prime Minister. Chamberlain is often cited as being the only modern leader of the Conservative Party not to become Prime Minister until William Hague, Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard, but this is technically inaccurate as he was not overall leader.

Austen Chamberlain - Foreign Secretary

Chamberlain did, however, return to government in Stanley Baldwin's second government, serving in the important office of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1924 to 1929. As Foreign Secretary, Chamberlain negotiated the Locarno Pact of 1925 with Gustav Stresemann of Germany and Aristide Briand of France, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize, and secured Britain's accession to the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war. Chamberlain and his wife were rather sympathetic to fascist Italy, and Chamberlain famously said that Benito Mussolini was "a man with whom business could be done".

Austen Chamberlain - Late career

In 1931, Sir Austen returned briefly to government as First Lord of the Admiralty in Ramsay MacDonald's first National Government, but soon retired from government. Over the next six years as a senior backbencher he gave strong support to the National Government but was critical of their foreign policy. In 1935 the government faced a parliamentary rebellion over the Hoare-Laval Pact and Sir Austen believed was asked "to talk about the Foreign Secretaryship" - which he assumed to mean he would be offered the post if he supported the government and it survived. He did indeed support it but afterwards was merely asked his opinion of the suitability of his former Parliamentary Private Secretary Anthony Eden for the post. Winston Churchill claims in his memoirs that had this crisis ended differently Sir Austen may have been called upon as a respected statesman to form a government but this view is not widely supported.

Austen Chamberlain - Last great service

During the period 1934 to 1937, Chamberlain was, with Winston Churchill, the most prominent voice calling for British rearmament in the face of a growing threat from Nazi Germany. He was the chairman of two Conservative parliamentary delegations in late 1936 which met with the prime minister, Stanley Baldwin, to remonstrate with him about the slow progress in modernizing and expanding the armed forces.

Sir Austen lived until March 1937, dying just ten weeks before his half-brother Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister.

Chamberlain's estate was probated at 45,044 pounds sterling.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Austen Chamberlain", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki