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Apophony - Description | | Apophony - Description: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Description | | Apophony is exemplified in English as the internal vowel alternations that produce such related words as
sing, sang, sung, song
rise, raise
bind, band
goose, geese
The difference in these vowels marks variously a difference in tense or aspect (e.g. sing/sang/sung), transitivity (rise/raise), part of speech (sing/song, bind/band), or ...
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography | | | Apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Bibliography, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Indo-European ablaut, Consonant mutation, references for ablaut, Nonconcatenative morphology, Morphology (linguistics) | | |
| | | Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Description
Apophony - Description
Apophony is exemplified in English as the internal vowel alternations that produce such related words as
- sing, sang, sung, song
- rise, raise
- bind, band
- goose, geese
The difference in these vowels marks variously a difference in tense or aspect (e.g. sing/sang/sung), transitivity (rise/raise), part of speech (sing/song, bind/band), or grammatical number (goose/geese).
Similarly, there are consonant alternations which are also used grammatically:
- belief, believe
- house (noun), house (verb) (phonetically: [haʊs] (noun), [haʊz] (verb))
That these sound alternations function grammatically can be seen as they are often equivalent to grammatical suffixes (an external modification). Compare the following:
| Present Tense |
Past Tense |
| jump |
jumped |
| sing |
sang |
| Singular |
Plural |
| book |
books |
| goose |
geese |
The vowel change from i to a indicates the past tense in the word sing just as the past tense is indicated on the verb jump with the past tense suffix -ed. The plural suffix -s on the word books has the same grammatical function as the vowel alternation ee (from oo) in the word geese.
Most instances of apophony develop historically from changes due to phonological assimilation that are later grammaticalized (or morphologized) when the environment causing the assimilation is lost. Such is the case with English goose/geese and belief/believe.
Other related archivesA-mutation, Afro-Asiatic languages, Albanian, Athabascan, Bemba, Broken plural, Celtic languages, Consonant mutation, Dinka, English, English grammar: Irregular verbs, English reduplication, Germanic umlaut, I-mutation, Indo-European, Indo-European ablaut, Linguistic morphology, Modern Standard Arabic, Morphology (linguistics), Navajo, Nonconcatenative morphology, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Indo-European language, U-mutation, Vietnamese, West Germanic strong verb, affixes, archaic plurals in Amharic, aspect, assimilation, causative, consonant mutation, consonants, derivationally, diachronic, gemination, grammatical gender, grammatical number, grammaticalized, infix, inflectional, inflectionally, linguistics, morpheme, morphological, nasality, nonconcatenative, onomatopoeia, palatalization, part of speech, past participle, phonological, prosodic, reduplication, references for ablaut, stress, strong verbs, suffix, suffixes, syllable length, synchronic, templates, tense, tone, transitivity, umlaut, verbs, vowel, vowel harmony, vowel length, vowels, weak verbs
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Description", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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