Antipope: Encyclopedia - Antipope

Antipope

An antipope is one whose claim to being Pope is the result of a disputed or contested election. These antipopes were usually in opposition to a specific person chosen by the papal electors (since the Middle Ages, the College of Cardinals; in the twentieth century, their special secret meeting, called conclave, however applies the age limit for eligibility). Some self-appointed leaders of smaller churches are also called "antipopes."

During certain periods of turbulence in the Roman Catholic Church, controversial Papal elections were conducted. Some such elections were considered invalid, either because a large majority of papal electors claimed the election was invalid (such as the election of Felix V), or because they have subsequently been declared invalid (such as Clement VII).

The earliest antipope, Hippolytus, was elected in protest against Pope Callixtus I by a schismatic group in the city of Rome in the 3rd century. Hippolytus was exiled to the mines on the island of Sardinia in the company of Callixtus' successor Pope Pontian, and was reconciled to the Catholic Church before his death and has been canonized by the Church. The Catholic Encyclopedia also mentions a Natalius[1], before Hippolytus, as first antipope, who, according to Eusebius's EH5.28.8-12, quoting the Little Labyrinth of Hippolytus, after being "scourged all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in sackcloth, and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to Pope Zephyrinus.

The period when antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors would frequently sponsor antipopes in order to further their cause. (The popes, likewise, frequently sponsored rival imperial claimants in Germany in attempts to disrupt imperial policy.)

The late 14th and early 15th century saw a series of rival popes elected, one line of which is counted by the Roman Catholic Church as popes and the other as antipopes. The scandal of multiple claimants added to the demands for reform that produced the Protestant Reformation at the turn of the 16th century. (See Western Schism, Antipope Benedict XIII.)

It would not necessarily have been evident, during periods when two (or three) rival claimants existed, which was the antipope, and which was the pope, and the clear-cut distinctions made between them in retrospect can give a false sense that certainty existed among their contemporaries. Supporters might offer assistance to a given candidate, but could not know which would be determined to have been an antipope, and which the pope, until events had run their course.

There has not been an antipope since 1449 (unless Sedevacantist antipopes are counted - see below). Other schisms such as the Church of England, the Old Catholic Church and the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association began in a rejection of a primary dogma of the papacy.

Today the act of becoming an Antipope is considered a schismatic act by the Roman Catholic Church. This would result in automatic excommunication for the person who became Antipope.

Antipope - List of antipopes

1. St. Hippolytus (reconciled with Pope St. Pontian and died as martyr to the church), 217–235
2. Novatian, 251–258
3. Felix II (confused with a martyr with the same name and thus considered an authentic pope until recently), 355–365
4. Ursicinus (Ursinus), 366–367
5. Eulalius, 418–419
6. Laurentius, 498–499, 501–506
7. Dioscorus (legitimate perhaps as opposed to Boniface II but died 22 days after election), 530
8. Theodore (II) (opposed to antipope Paschal), 687
9. Paschal (I) (opposed to antipope Theodore), 687
10. Theofylact, 757
11. Constantine II, 767–768
12. Philip (replaced antipope Constantine II briefly; reigned for a day and then returned to his monastery), 768
13. John VIII, 844
14. Anastasius III Bibliothecarius, 855
15. Christopher, 903–904
16. Boniface VII, 974, 984–985
17. John Filagatto (John XVI), 997–998
18. Gregory VI, 1012
19. Sylvester III, 1045
20. John Mincius (Benedict X), 1058–1059
21. Pietro Cadalus (Honorius II), 1061–1064
22. Guibert of Ravenna (Clement III), 1080 & 1084–1100
23. Theodoric, 1100–1101
24. Adalbert, 1101
25. Maginulf (Sylvester IV), 1105–1111
26. Maurice Burdanus (Gregory VIII), 1118–1121
27. Thebaldus Buccapecuc (Celestine II) (legitimate but submitted to opposing pope, Honorius II and afterwards considered an antipope), 1124
28. Pietro Pierleoni (Anacletus II), 1130–1138
29. Gregorio Conti (Victor IV), 1138
30. Ottavio di Montecelio (Victor IV), 1159–1164
31. Guido di Crema (Paschal III), 1164–1168
32. Giovanni of Struma (Callixtus III), 1168–1178
33. Lanzo of Sezza (Innocent III), 1179–1180
34. Pietro Rainalducci (Nicholas V), antipope in Rome, 1328–1330
35. Robert of Geneva (Clement VII), antipope of the Avignon line, 20 September 1378 – 16 September 1394
36. Pedro de Luna (Benedict XIII), antipope of the Avignon line, 1394–1423
37. Pietro Philarghi Alexander V, antipope of the Pisan line, 1409–1410
38. Baldassare Cosa John XXIII, antipope of the Pisan line, 1410–1415
39. Gil Sánchez Muñoz (Clement VIII), antipope of the Avignon line, 1423–1429
40. Bernard Garnier (the first Benedict XIV), antipope of the Avignon line, 1425–c. 1429
41. Jean Carrier (the second Benedict XIV), antipope of the Avignon line, 1430–1437?
42. Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy (Felix V), 5 November 1439 – 7 April 1449

Antipope - Sedevacantist antipopes

Some breakaway Catholics today, called sedevacantists, claim the current Popes are heretics for various reforms which sedevacantists see as innovations in the practices of Roman Catholic Church which were adopted during the reigns of Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI, including aspects of the Second Vatican Council. Chief among these criticized reforms is the replacing of the Tridentine Latin Mass with the Novus Ordo Missae. Many sedevacanists also object to the celebration of the Mass in the vernacular, despite the fact that various provisions existed for the celebration of the Mass in the vernacular prior to the reign of Pope John XXIII. Since the opinion of many Catholic theologians is that a heretical Pope would cease to be Catholic and therefore cease to be Pope, sedevacantists believe the current Bishops of Rome are not actually popes. Some sedevacantist groups have their own popes to replace the popes they reject. They are sometimes called antipopes, although it should be noted that in contrast to historical antipopes, the number of their followers is minuscule. Some of these antipopes have developed their own religious infrastructure in recognition that the conventional popes are not likely to consider ceding authority to them, thus being at once antipopes of the Universal Church and popes of their particular sect.

Sedevacantist antipopes frequently refer to the conventional successors of Pope Pius XII as a series of antipapacies.

There is a significant number of antipopes self-proclaimed Peter II, due to the special meaning of this name; see Antipope Peter II.

Antipope - Antipopes of the 20th-21st centuries

• Clemente Domínguez y Gómez (Gregory XVII), mystically self-proclaimed from 1978–2005 in Spain, pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church.
• Manuel Alonso Corral (Peter II), succeeded Gregory XVII as the Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church in 2005 in Spain

• Michel-Auguste-Marie Collin (Clement XV), self-proclaimed 1963 in Clémery, France (later at St. Jovite, Canada), Pope of the "Renewed Church of Christ" or "Church of the Magnificat"
• Jean-Gaston Tremblay (Gregory XVII), succeeded Clement XV in 1968 in Canada; not to be confused with the Canadian politician Gaston Tremblay

These antipopes are (for the most part) not self-proclaimed in the strictest sense but organized and held elections of 'faithful' Catholics. The verifiable smallest of these 'Conclaves' was attended by only 6 electors, the size of the largest is not known but claimed to be at least larger than the conclave which elected Pope Pius XII.

• David Bawden (Michael I), self-proclaimed in 1990 in Kansas, United States of America ("conclave" of 6 electors)
• Victor von Pentz (Linus II), either self-proclaimed in 1994 in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom or elected by several Sedevacantists in Assisi (disputed)
• Lucian Pulvermacher (Pius XIII), self-proclaimed in 1998 in Montana, United States of America, Pope of the self-proclaimed "true Catholic Church". Claims to have been elected by a conclave of a secret number but at least 61 electors.
• Reinaldus Michael Benjamins (Antipope Gregory XIX) self-proclaimed in 2001 in New York, United States of America.

Francis Konrad Schuckardt (Hadrian VII), self-proclaimed in 1984 in Washington, United States of America before leaving the TLRC (later the CMRI) in Washington State, U.S.A.

• Gino Frediani (Emmanuel I), self-proclaimed from 1973–1984 in Italy, Pope of the "New Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus"
• Valeriano Vestini (Valeriano I), self-proclaimed in 1990 in Chieti, Italy
• Maurice Archieri of Le Perreux (Peter II) of Le Perreux, self-proclaimed in 1995 in France
• Julius Tischler (Peter II) of Germany
• Pierre Henri Bubois (Peter II) of Brussels, Belgium
• Chester Olszewski (Peter II), self-proclaimed in 1980 of Pennsylvania, USA
• William Kamm (Peter II) of Australia, Pope of the "Order of Saint Charbel" movement.

See also

• Antipopes in fiction
• Sedevacantism
• List of popes

Antipope - Sources an References

• Catholic Encyclopaedia- article Antipope
• The Pope Encyclopaedia - article Antipope

Categories: Antipopes | History of the Papacy | Ecclesiastical titles | Pope-related lists

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Antipope", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki