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Ancient Egypt - Language | | Ancient Egypt - Language: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Egypt - Language | | The ancient Egyptians spoke an Afro-Asiatic language related to Chadic, Berber and Semitic languages. Records of the ancient Egyptian language have been dated to about 3200 BC. Scholars group the Egyptian language into six major chronological divisions:
Archaic Egyptian (before 2600 BC)
Old Egyptian (2600–2000 BC)
Middle Egyptian (2000–1300 BC)
Late Egyptian (1300–700 BC)
Demotic Egyptian (7th century BC–4th century AD)
Coptic (3rd–17th century AD)
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See also:Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egypt - Geography, Ancient Egypt - People, Ancient Egypt - History, Ancient Egypt - Government, Ancient Egypt - Language, Ancient Egypt - Writing, Ancient Egypt - Literature, Ancient Egypt - Culture, Ancient Egypt - Ancient achievements, Ancient Egypt - Timeline, Ancient Egypt - Open problems, Ancient Egypt - Notes | | | Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egypt - Ancient achievements, Ancient Egypt - Culture, Ancient Egypt - Geography, Ancient Egypt - Government, Ancient Egypt - History, Ancient Egypt - Language, Ancient Egypt - Literature, Ancient Egypt - Notes, Ancient Egypt - Open problems, Ancient Egypt - People, Ancient Egypt - Timeline, Ancient Egypt - Writing, List of Ancient Egyptians, Egyptology, Unsolved problems in Egyptology, History of Egypt, List of Ancient Egyptian sites, Egyptian Museum, Race of the Ancient Egyptians, Egypt in the European imagination | | |
| | | Ancient Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Egypt - Language
Ancient Egypt - Language
Main articles: Egyptian language, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]
The ancient Egyptians spoke an Afro-Asiatic language related to Chadic, Berber and Semitic languages. Records of the ancient Egyptian language have been dated to about 3200 BC. Scholars group the Egyptian language into six major chronological divisions:
- Archaic Egyptian (before 2600 BC)
- Old Egyptian (2600–2000 BC)
- Middle Egyptian (2000–1300 BC)
- Late Egyptian (1300–700 BC)
- Demotic Egyptian (7th century BC–4th century AD)
- Coptic (3rd–17th century AD)
Ancient Egypt - Writing
For many years, the earliest known hieroglyphic inscription was the Narmer Palette, found during excavations at Hierakonpolis (modern Kawm al-Ahmar) in the 1890s, which has been dated to c.3200 BC. However recent archaeological findings reveal that symbols on Gerzean pottery, c.4000 BC, resemble the traditional hieroglyph forms [8]. Also in 1998 a German archeological team under Gunter Dreyer excavating at Abydos (modern Umm el-Qa'ab) uncovered tomb U-j, which belonged to a Predynastic ruler, and they recovered three hundred clay labels inscribed with proto-hieroglyphics dating to the Naqada IIIA period, circa 33rd century BC [9], [10].
Egyptologists refer to Egyptian writing as hieroglyphs, today standing as the world's earliest known writing system. The hieroglyphic script was partly syllabic, partly ideographic. Hieratic is a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphs and was first used during the First Dynasty (c. 2925 BC – c. 2775 BC). The term Demotic, in the context of Egypt, came to refer to both the script and the language that followed the Late Ancient Egyptian stage, i.e. from the Nubian 25th dynasty until its marginalization by the Greek Koine in the early centuries AD. After the conquest of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the Coptic language survived into the Middle Ages as the liturgical language of the Christian minority.
Beginning from around 2700 BC, Egyptians used pictograms to represent vocal sounds -- both vowel and consonant vocalizations (see Hieroglyph: Script). By 2000 BC, 26 pictograms were being used to represent 24 (known) main vocal sounds. The world's oldest known alphabet (c. 1800 BC) is only an abjad system and was derived from these uniliteral signs as well as other Egyptian hieroglyphs.
The hieroplyphic script finally fell out of use around the 4th century and began to be rediscovered after the 15th century (see Hieroglyphica).
Ancient Egypt - Literature
- c. 1800 BC: Story of Sinuhe
- c. 1800 BC: Ipuwer papyrus
- c. 1600 BC: Westcar Papyrus
- c. 1180 BC: Papyrus Harris I
- c. 1000 BC: Story of Wenamun
Other related archives1000 BC, 10th millennium BC, 1160 BC, 1258 BC, 1300 BC, 1400 BC, 1500 BC, 1550 BC, 15th century, 1600 BC, 1650 BC, 1800 BC, 1860 BC, 1890s, 2000 BC, 2005, 2006, 2200 BC, 2400 BC, 2500 BC, 2580 BC, 25th dynasty, 2600 BC, 2600s, 2700 BC, 27th century BC, 2900 BC, 30 BC, 3000 BC, 3050 BC, 3100 BC, 3200 BC, 3300 BC, 332 BC, 33rd century BC, 343 BC, 3500 BC, 4000 BC, 4th century, 4th century BC, 5th, 6000 BC, 639, 7th century BC, 7th millennium BC, 8000 BC, AD 1300, AGI, Abydos, Achaemenid Dynasty, African, Afro-Asiatic language, Al Fayyum, Alexander the Great, Alphabet, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian, Ancient Egyptian architecture, Ancient Egyptian art, Archaic Egyptian, Aristotle, Astronomical Calendar, BC, Barge, Beekeeping, Beer, Berber, Berlin Mathematical Papyrus, Bronze, Bronze Age, Brugsch Papyrus, Chadic, Champollion the Younger, Chess, Christian, Christianity, Columella, Controversy over race of Ancient Egyptians, Copper, Copper: History, Coptic, Coptic language, December 5, Decimal system, Demotic, Demotic Egyptian, Diodorus Siculus, Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, Eastern Africa, Ebers Medical Papyrus, Ebers papyri, Edwin Smith, Edwin Smith papyrus, Egypt, Egypt in the European imagination, Egyptian, Egyptian Museum, Egyptian chronology, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Egyptian language, Egyptian mythology, Egyptian pyramids, Egyptian pyramids: Construction, Egyptology, Eritrea, European, Exports, Faience, First Intermediate Period, First dynasty, First dynasty of Egypt, Gaius Julius Hyginus, Gaza Strip, Gerzean, Glass-making, Graeco-Roman Egypt, Great Pyramid of Giza, Herodotus, Hierakonpolis, Hieratic, Hieroglyph: Script, Hieroglyphica, History of Egypt, History of ancient Egypt, History of medicine, Hydraulic Cement, Hyksos, Ipuwer papyrus, Iron Age, Irrigation, Islam, Israel, January 9, Jebel Barkal, King Sneferu, Koine, Late Period of Ancient Egypt, Libya, List of Ancient Egyptian sites, List of Ancient Egyptians, List of Egyptian dynasties, List of pharaohs, Lower Egypt, Lower Paleolithic, Manetho, Medical Institutions, Mediterranean, Mediterranean Sea, Menkaure's Pyramid, Middle Ages, Middle Eastern, Middle Egyptian, Middle Kingdom, Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Mining, Mortar (masonry), Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri, Naqada, Narmer, Narmer Palette, New Kingdom of Egypt, Nile, Nile Delta, Nile-Red Sea Canal, Nile: History, Nomes, North Africa, North East Africa, Nubian, Odysseus, Old Egyptian, Old Kingdom, Origins of chess, Palestine, Papyrus, Papyrus Harris I, Peace treaty, Petroleum tar, Pharaoh Sahure, Predynastic, Predynastic Egypt, Predynastic Period, Protodynastic Period, Ptolemaic Dynasty, Punt, Pyramid of Djoser, Race of the Ancient Egyptians, Ramesses II, Red Pyramid, Red Sea, Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Roman, Roman Empire, Rosetta Stone, Sahara, Sahara region, Scientific method, Second Intermediate Period, Semitic, Senet, Shipbuilding, Shipping, Silk Road, Sinai Peninsula, Somali, Southern Asia, Southwest Asia, Sphinx, Stone Age, Story of Sinuhe, Story of Wenamun, Sudan, Surgery, Surveying, Third Intermediate Period, Tulli Papyrus, Turin papyrus, Twelfth dynasty of Egypt, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Umm el-Qa'ab, Uniliteral signs, Unsolved problems in Egyptology, Upper Egypt, Upper and Lower Egypt, Varro, Virgil, Westcar Papyrus, Wine cellars, abjad, aerodynamics, agricultural, algebraic equations, alphabet, anemia, archaeological, arithmetic series, army, arts of the ancient world, batteries, beekeeping, blades, board game, boats, carbon, cereals, civilization, cocaine, commander-in-chief, consonant, constructing, conventional Egyptian chronology, cotangent, culture, decimal system, earliest known alphabet, economy, electricity, empiricism, engineering, engines, fishers, frustum, gathering, genetic, geologic, geometric series, geometry, glass, gliders, golden ratio, government, grain, granite, grinding, hashish, hemolitic disorders, herding, hieroglyphs, historical document, history of ancient Egypt, hunters, hydraulic empire, ideographic, import, iron, irrigation, kites, magic, magicians, mathematical, mathematical formularizations, mined, monarch, mummies, mummification, navigation, navy, nicotine, oldest known alphabet, open problems, paper, pastoralism, pharaoh, pictograms, plumbing, prehistoric, priest, priests, pyramid, pyramids outside ancient Egypt, relief at Dendera, sickle, society, spells, statue, steel, stone tools, surveying, syllabic, symbolic, topographic, tumors, turquoise, twelfth dynasty, uniliteral signs, viziers, vocal sounds, vowel, wine, world's tallest structure, writing system
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Language", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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