A Confederacy of Dunces: Encyclopedia - A Confederacy of Dunces

A Confederacy of Dunces

A Confederacy of Dunces is a novel written by John Kennedy Toole, but not published during his lifetime. (Toole committed suicide in 1969 -- perhaps partially as a result of his professional failure as a nascent novelist. Simon & Schuster rejected a finished draft of "Dunces" in 1964). Through the efforts of the writer Walker Percy (who also contributed a revealing Foreword) and Toole's mother, the book was published in 1980; it quickly became a cult classic and won a Pulitzer Prize a year later.

The title is a reference to a saying by the classic master of satire, Jonathan Swift: "When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him." (Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting)

The story is set in the U.S. city of New Orleans, Louisiana, at the start of the 1960s. The central character is Ignatius J. Reilly, an intelligent but slothful man still living with his mother in Uptown New Orleans who, because of family circumstances, must set out to get a job for the first time in his life at age thirty. In his quest for employment he has various adventures with colorful French Quarter characters.

A Confederacy of Dunces - Major characters

A Confederacy of Dunces - Ignatius J. Reilly

Ignatius is something of a modern Don Quixote — eccentric and creative, sometimes to the point of delusion. He looks for jobs requiring little or no work, to further his desire to achieve greatness.

He disdains modern civilization, and particularly pop culture, which in a perverse twist, becomes his obsession, merely to mock its inanity and express his outrage with its lack of "theology" and "geometry." He prefers the scholastic philosophy of the Middle Ages, especially that of Boethius.

A Confederacy of Dunces - Myrna Minkoff

Myrna "The Minx" is a Jewish beatnik from New York City whom Ignatius met while she was in college in New Orleans. Their political, social, religious, and personal orientations could hardly be more different, but Myrna and Ignatius have a fascination with each other. For most of the novel she is seen only in the regular correspondence which the two keep up since her return to New York. Officially, they both deplore everything the other stands for. Though probably neither of them would admit it, their correspondence indicates that, though separated by half a continent, many of their actions are done with hopes to impress the other.

A Confederacy of Dunces - Irene Reilly

Mrs. Reilly is Ignatius's long-widowed mother. She still thinks of Ignatius as an adolescent, encouraging him to think of himself that way. She is fond of drinking cheap wine and is generally tipsy.

A Confederacy of Dunces - Other characters

• Santa Battaglia is Mrs. Reilly's new best friend and aunt of Officer Mancuso. She wants to get Ignatius out of the way so she can fix up his mother with a potential new husband.
• Angelo Mancuso is an inept police officer, the nephew of Santa Battaglia. Harrassing Ignatius brings his boss' wrath down on him, and he must somehow make a major bust in order to not be kicked off the force.
• Lana Lee runs a downscale French Quarter strip club. She employs Darlene and Jones and runs a pornographic photo business on the side.
• Darlene is a goodhearted but none-too-bright stripper who has a pet cockatoo.
• Burma Jones is the porter who resentfully holds on to his job only because the police will arrest him for vagrancy if he does not (an indignity not uncommon for African Americans in the U.S. South in the Jim Crow era).
• Mr. Levy runs Levy Pants, a family business whose best days seem long behind it, with a small dilapidated aging factory in New Orleans' Bywater. He wants to have as little actual dealing with the business as possible.
• Mrs. Levy, his wife who deals with her boredom and discontent by verbally abusing her husband; having completed (but failed) a correspondence course in psychology – takes it upon herself to psychoanalyze those around her (most notably her husband and Miss Trixie).
• Miss Trixie, an aged clerk at the Levy Pants office who is drifting off into senile dementia and often refers to Ignatius as "Gloria". Mrs. Levy thinks she's doing a good deed by keeping Miss Trixie employed, although Miss Trixie would rather retire.
• Mr. Gonzalez is the Levy Pants office manager, apparently the only one there who actually cares about the business and does significant work.
• Dorian Greene is a flamboyant French Quarter homosexual who puts on elaborate parties for the counterculture.

A Confederacy of Dunces - Notes

The book is famous for its rich depiction of New Orleans and the type of dialogue spoken there. Many locals and writers think that it is the best and most accurate depiction of the city in a work of fiction. Not all locals are enamored with it, however; some New Orleanians think it portrays the city and its inhabitants in an unfavorable light.

The city described in the novel differs in some ways from the actual New Orleans. The first chapter mentions the sun setting over the Mississippi River at the foot of Canal Street. As this direction is to the south-east, this is clearly impossible in our world. Possibly this is a joke by Toole related to the fact that the area across the river is known as the "West Bank," despite the fact that because of the twists of the river it is actually to the south or east from parts of central New Orleans. Such details are not likely to be noticed by people who are not familiar with New Orleans.

A bronze statue of Ignatius J. Reilly can be found under the clock at the Chateau Sonesta Hotel at 800 Iberville Street, New Orleans, the former site of the D.H. Holmes Department Store. The statue mimics the opening scene: Ignatius waits for his mother under the D.H. Holmes clock, clutching a Werlein's shopping bag, dressed in a hunting cap, flannel shirt, baggy pants and scarf, 'studying the crowd of people for signs of bad taste.'

John Kennedy Toole's only other novel is The Neon Bible, written when he was 16 and also published posthumously.

The structure of the book mirrors the structure of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy (Ignatius's favorite book; a copy of it is a central plot device) in several ways. The book is divided into chapters, each of which is divided into a varying number of subchapters. Key parts of some chapters are outside of the main narrative; in Consolation these take the form of a prosimeter, while in Confederacy they take the form of journal entries by Ignatius or letters between himself and Myrna.

A Confederacy of Dunces - Film adaptations

Given the book's cult status, there have been repeated attempts to turn the book into a film, although these efforts appeared to be as "cursed" as were the efforts to publish the book in the first place. At various times, John Belushi, John Candy, and Chris Farley were touted for the lead. All of these actors died tragically young. A version scheduled for release in 2005 starring Will Ferrell as Ignatius and Lily Tomlin as Ignatius's mother halted production in 2004.

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