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Tosefta
The Tosefta is a second compilation of oral law from the period of the Mishnah. In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mishnah (tosefta means "supplement"). The Mishnah is the basic compilation of the Oral law of Judaism; it was compiled around 200 CE. It is a Halakhic work which corresponds in structure almost exactly to the Mishnah, with the same divisions for sedarim ("orders") and masekhot ("tractates"). It is mainly written in Mishnaic Hebrew, with some Aramaic.
The Mishnah was redacted by Judah haNasi in consultation with members of his yeshiva ("academy"), while the Tosefta was edited by Rabbis Hiyya and Oshaiah on their own, thus the Tosefta is less authoritative. (Rashi in his commentary on Talmud Sanhedrin 33a).
The text of most of Tosefta agrees nearly verbatim with the Mishnah, and often varies only slightly. The Tosefta offers authors' names for laws that are anonymous in the Mishna; It also augments the Mishnah with additional glosses and discussions. The Tosefta as we have it today functions like a commentary on unquoted Mishnaic material; It offers additional haggadic and midrashic material, and it sometimes contradicts the Mishnah in deciding Halakha (Jewish law), or in declaring in whose name a law was given.
Much of the Tosefta is currently regarded as being written shortly after the Mishnah was redacted.
Tosefta - Orthodox scholars
The definitive commentary on the Tosefta is by Rabbi Yehezkel Abramsky: Hazon Yehezkel (24 volumes, 1925-1975 in Hebrew).
Oral law, Mishnah, Talmud, Gemara, Rabbinic literature, Halakha
Tosefta - Non-Orthodox scholars
However, recent scholarship, especially by Professor Judith Hauptman reveals that the Tosefta draws on source material earlier than the later material in the Mishnah. It may well be that parts of the Tosefta predate the Mishnah.
The Tosefta has been translated into English by Rabbi Jacob Neusner and his students. They have also produced a commentary.
See also
- Oral law
- Mishnah
- Talmud
- Gemara
- Rabbinic literature
- Halakha
Tosefta - External link
- Full text at Mechon-Mamre
Category: Jewish texts
Other related archives1925, 1975, 200, Aramaic, Gemara, Halakha, Halakhic, Hebrew, Jacob Neusner, Jewish texts, Judah haNasi, Judaism, Judith Hauptman, Mishnah, Mishnaic Hebrew, Oral law, Rabbinic literature, Rashi, Sanhedrin, Talmud, Yehezkel Abramsky, haggadic, midrashic, yeshiva
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