Tension of Opposites: Tension of
Opposites Central to Existence
Jainism: Tension of Opposites
Central to Existence
According to Acharya Mahaprajna, opposition is
a fundamental rule for existence. "There is no type of existence in which
opposites do not co-exist. In a sense, existence may also be defined as the
coming together of opposites. It is the principle of the quest for unity
between two apparently different characteristics of a substance. It tries to
point out that the characteristics which differences have, also have an
identicality. Reconciliation, which is a principle of anekant
, comes about only with the recognition of the identity principle.''
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Tension of Opposites: Tension of
Opposites Central to Existence
By Sudhamahi Regunathan
Tension of Opposites Central to
Existence
In the book Tuesdays
with Morrie , Morrie asks: "Have I told you about the tensions
of opposites?'' I wondered. The tension of opposites? He continues: "Life
is a series of pulls - back and forth. You want to do one thing, but are bound
to do something else. Something hurts you and yet you know it shouldn't. You take
certain things for granted, even when you know you should never take anything
for granted. A tension of opposites, like a pull on a rubber band. And most of
us live somewhere in the middle.''
According to Acharya
Mahaprajna, opposition is a fundamental rule for existence.
"There is no type of existence in which opposites do not co-exist. In a
sense, existence may also be defined as the coming together of opposites. It is
the principle of the quest for unity between two apparently different characteristics
of a substance. It tries to point out that the characteristics which
differences have, also have an identicality. Reconciliation, which is a
principle of anekant , comes about only with the
recognition of the identity principle.''
At the interpersonal level, if we are
able to recognise that another person can have an opinion different from ours
and if we can acknowledge that both can exist - he with his opinion and I with
mine - we would not have any wars. Acharya Mahaprajna says that when we enter a
garden full of flowers, we look at nature's diversity and we get ecstatic. But
we don't look upon mental diversity - when faced with differing opinions - as
beautiful; they become cause for conflict.
If we look at the working
environment , many of the problems are born out of intolerance
towards contradictory opinions. In the Mahabharata, a yaksha questions
Yudhishtra: "What is forbearance?'' Yudhishtra answers that forbearance is
putting up with opposites. To reconcile opposing forces is in fact what tolerance
is made up of.
Yudhishtra defined forbearance in
terms of opposites. Interestingly, existence itself is defined in terms of
opposites. This verse from the Kamba Ramayana describes
Ayodhya, the land of King Dasaratha: "There was no charity for there was
none to beg,/ Valour was never seen for there was none who dared to challenge/
Truth did not stand out, for none did speak a lie/ Wisdom did not show, for all
were well versed.''
So do opposites define
existence? For charity to exist, non-charity too has to be defined.
How can one define light if there is no darkness? How do we understand
something as being the truth unless there are lies? In the absence of
foolishness, how to define wisdom?
Lao Tzu said: "When all the
world understands beauty to be beautiful, then ugliness exists; when all
understand goodness to be good, the evil exists.''
So beauty is relative - to
ugliness. Goodness is relative to evil.
Acharya Mahaprajna explains
the logic of Jain philosophers: That which is true contains its
opposite - yat sat, tat sa pratipaksham . Lao Tzu
writes: "In order to weaken, one will surely strengthen first./ In order
to overthrow, one will surely exalt first/ In order to take one will surely
give first/ This is called subtle wisdom.'' Lao Tzu's wisdom also tells us that
"Be bent and you will remain straight/ Be vacant and you will remain full/
Be worn and you will remain new.''
In the opposite lies the
affirmation of an attribute. This seems to be true at all levels.
Even within the atom, the electron has an anti- particle called photon. Writes
Richard Feynman, "Photons look exactly the same in all respects when they
travel backwards in time... so they are their own anti-particles."
The distinction remains, whether it
is direct or subtle as it is in the case of very small particles: Even if the
particle and anti-particle are neutral, like the neutrino and antineutrino.
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