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Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah | | Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah: Encyclopedia II - Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah | | The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the ruler's role was defined in the Qur'an. The sultan however was not a religious teacher himself. In the Byzantine Empire and the traditional spheres of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, a comparable unity of church and state in the person of the ruler is termed Caesaropapism. The last non-Islamic ruler with comparable authority was Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, though formally (if not in practice) the British monarch represents a similar union of church and state, being both ...
See also:Sultan, Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah, Sultan - Former sultans and sultanates, Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia, Sultan - Hami, Sultan - North Africa, Sultan - East Africa, Sultan - Southeast Asia, Sultan - India, Sultan - Contemporary sultanates, Sultan - Princely and aristocratic titles, Sultan - Military rank, Sultan - Sources and References | | | Sultan, Sultan - Contemporary sultanates, Sultan - East Africa, Sultan - Former sultans and sultanates, Sultan - Hami, Sultan - India, Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia, Sultan - Military rank, Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah, Sultan - North Africa, Sultan - Princely and aristocratic titles, Sultan - Sources and References, Sultan - Southeast Asia, Emir (Amir), Atabeg, Bey, Caliph, Datu, Ilkhan, Khan, Malik, Padishah, Shah, Sultan of Sultans | | |
| | | Sultan: Encyclopedia II - Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah
Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah
The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the ruler's role was defined in the Qur'an. The sultan however was not a religious teacher himself. In the Byzantine Empire and the traditional spheres of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, a comparable unity of church and state in the person of the ruler is termed Caesaropapism. The last non-Islamic ruler with comparable authority was Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, though formally (if not in practice) the British monarch represents a similar union of church and state, being both the head of state and the Supreme Governor of the Church of England; in practice, the Queen is merely the titular leader of church and state; this status is also under question as Charles, Prince of Wales has indicated he intends to rule as 'defender of the faiths' rather than 'defender of the faith'.
The first to carry the title of 'Sultan' was the Turkmen chief Mahmud of Ghazni (ruled 998 - 1030). Later, 'Sultan' became the usual title of rulers of Seljuk and Ottoman Turks and Ayyubid and Mamluk rulers in Egypt. The spiritual validation of the title was well illustrated by the fact that it was the shadow caliph in Cairo that bestowed the title "sultan" on Murad I, the third ruler of the Ottoman Empire in 1383. The earlier leaders had been beys.
At later stages, lesser rulers assumed the styling "sultan", as was the case for the earlier leaders of today's royal family of Morocco. Today, only the Sultan of Oman, the Sultan of Brunei, and some titular sultans in the southern Philippines, Java, and in the former Malay States which are now part of Malaysia still use the title. The sultan's domain is properly called a sultanate. A feminine form, used by Westerners, is Sultana or Sultanah; the very styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. In a similar usage, the wife of a German Field-Marshal might be styled Feldmarschallin.
Among those modern hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law, the term is gradually being replaced by 'king'.
Other related archives1030, 1383, 998, Ahmednagar, Amir, Arabic words, Astrakhan Khanate, Atabeg, Ayyubid, Ayyubid Sultans of Damascus, Ayyubid Sultans of Egypt, Bahmani Sultanate, Berar, Bey, Bidar, Bijapur, British monarch, Brunei, Byzantine Empire, Caesaropapism, Cairo, Caliph, Captain, Charles, Prince of Wales, Comoros sultanates, Datu, Deccan sultanates, East Africa, Egypt, Emir, Ghaznavid Sultanate, Golconda, Great Sultan, Hadhramaut, Heads of state, Ilkhan, India, Indonesia, Islam, Java, Johor, Johore, Kathiri, Kedah, Kelantan, Kenya, Khan, Kilwa Kisiwani, Mahmud of Ghazni, Malay States, Malay states, Malay titles, Malaysia, Maldives Sultanate, Malik, Mamluk, Mamluk Sultans of Egypt, Military ranks, Monarchy, Morocco, Murad I, Nicholas II, Noble titles, Northern Somali sultanates, Oman, Osmanli, Ottoman, Padishah, Pahang, Pate island, Perak, Philippines, Positions of authority, Prime Minister, Qu'aiti, Qur'an, Selangor, Seljuk, Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, Shah, Southeast Asia, Sultan of Brunei, Sultan of Oman, Sultan of Sultans, Sultana, Sultanate, Sultanate of Aceh, Sultanate of Bengal, Sultanate of Delhi, Sultanate of Gujarat, Sultanate of Jaunpur, Sultanate of Kandesh, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Malwa, Sultanate of Mataram, Sultanate of Mysore, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Ternate, Sultanate of Tidore, Sultanate of Zanzibar, Sultans of Great Seljuk, Sultans of Nejd, Sultans of the Hejaz, Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Supreme Governor of the Church of England, Tanganyika, Tanzania, Terengganu, Titles, Tsar, Tuggurt, Witu, Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Yogyakarta, beys, caliph, caliphate, monarch, prince of the blood, rule of law, rulers, shariah, southern Philippines
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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