 |
|
| |
|
|
|
at Global Oneness Community.
Share your dreams and let others help you with the interpretation!
Dream Sharing Forum
|
|
Silk Road - Mongol era | | Silk Road - Mongol era: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Mongol era | | The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1215 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road (vis-à-vis Karakorum). In the late 13th century, a Venetian explorer named Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China. Westerners became more aware of the Far East when Polo documented his travels in Il Milione. He was followed by numerous Christian missionnaries to the East, such as William of Rubruck, Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Andrew of Longjumeau, Odoric ...
See also:Silk Road, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Notes | | | Silk Road, Silk Road - Ancient transport, Silk Road - Artistic transmission on the Silk Road, Silk Road - Ban Chao 97–102 CE, Silk Road - British tin, Silk Road - Central Asian commercial & cultural exchanges, Silk Road - Chinese and Central Asian contacts, Silk Road - Chinese exploration of Central Asia, Silk Road - Cross-continental travel, Silk Road - Disintegration, Silk Road - Egyptian maritime trade, Silk Road - External links, Silk Road - Hellenistic conquests, Silk Road - Mongol era, Silk Road - Notes, Silk Road - Origins, Silk Road - Persian Royal Road, Silk Road - Roman and Egyptian transatlantic voyages, Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West, Silk Road - The Roman Empire and silk, Silk Road - The great explorers: Europe reaching for Asia, Silk Road - Zhang Qian 138–126 BCE, List of cities along the Silk Road., The detailed histories listed under Kashgar, Khotan, and Yarkand., Radhanites | | |
| | | Silk Road: Encyclopedia II - Silk Road - Mongol era
Silk Road - Mongol era
See main article, Mongol Empire: Silk Road.
The Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1215 to 1360 helped bring political stability and re-establish the Silk Road (vis-à-vis Karakorum). In the late 13th century, a Venetian explorer named Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China. Westerners became more aware of the Far East when Polo documented his travels in Il Milione. He was followed by numerous Christian missionnaries to the East, such as William of Rubruck, Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Andrew of Longjumeau, Odoric of Pordenone, Giovanni de Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, and other travellers such as Ibn Battuta or Niccolo Da Conti. Luxury goods were traded from one middleman to another, from China to the West, resulting in high prices for the trade goods.
Silk Road - Technological transfer to the West
Main article: Medieval technology
Many technological innovations from the East seem to have filtered into Europe around that time. The period of the High Middle Ages in Europe saw major technological advances, including the adoption through the Silk Road of printing, gunpowder, the astrolabe, and the compass, in many ways sustaining the development of Renaissance Europe and the Age of Exploration.
Chinese maps such as the Kangnido and Islamic mapmaking seem to have influenced the emergence of the first practical world maps, such as those of De Virga or Fra Mauro. Ramusio, a contemporary, states that Fra Mauro's map is "an improved copy of the one brought from Cathay by Marco Polo".
Large Chinese junks were also observed by these travelers and may have provided impetus to develop larger ships in Europe.
“The ships, called junks, that navigate these seas carry four masts or more, some of which can be raised or lowered, and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller.” (Text from the Fra Mauro map, 09-P25)
“A ship carries a complement of a thousand men, six hundred of whom are sailors and four hundred men-at-arms, including archers, men with shields and crossbows, who throw naphtha… These vessels are built in the towns of Zaytun (a.k.a Zaitun, today's Quanzhou; 刺桐) and Sin-Kalan. The vessel has four decks and contains rooms, cabins, and saloons for merchants; a cabin has chambers and a lavatory, and can be locked by its occupants.” (Ibn Battuta)
Silk Road - Disintegration
However, with the disintegration of the Mongol Empire also came discontinuation of the Silk Road's political, cultural and economic unity. Turkmeni marching lords seized the western end of the Silk Road — the decaying Byzantine Empire. After the Mongol Empire, the great political powers along the Silk Road became economically and culturally separated. Accompanying the crystallization of regional states was the decline of nomad power, partly due to the devastation of the Black Death and partly due to the encroachment of sedentary civilizations equipped with gunpowder.
The effect of gunpowder and early modernity on Europe was the integration of territorial states and increasing mercantilism; whereas on the Silk Road, gunpowder and early modernity had the opposite impact: the level of integration of the Mongol Empire could not be maintained, and trade declined (though partly due to an increase in European maritime exchanges).
The Silk Road stopped serving as a shipping route for silk around 1400.
Other related archives"Suez" canal, 1070 BC, 10th century, 1100 BC, 116 CE, 1200, 1215, 12th-Dynasty, 130 BC, 1360, 14 CE, 1400, 1480, 1492, 15th century BCE, 1600 BC, 1776, 18th century, 1975, 1981, 1992, 19th century, 1st century BC, 1st century CE, 200 BC, 2005, 23, 27 BCE, 2nd century, 2nd century BC, 2nd century CE, 2nd millennium BC, 3 BCE, 30 BCE, 3000 BC, 323 BC, 329 BC, 3500 BC, 4000 BC, 475 BC, 4th, 4th Dynasty, 4th century CE, 4th millennium BC, 5th century BC, 5th millennium BC, 65 CE, 6th centuries CE, 6th century CE, 7500, 751 CE, 79 CE, 7th century CE, 8th century BC, 8th century CE, Abu Simbel, Achaemenid, Achaemenids, Adam Smith, Aegean Sea, Afghanistan, Africa, Age of Exploration, Alans, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Alexandria Eschate, Almaty, Americas, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian, Andrew of Longjumeau, Antioch, Anxi, Arabs, Armenians, Asia, Asia Minor, Astrakhan, August 7, Augustus, Bactria, Bactrian camel, Badakhshan, Badakshan, Badarian, Bahcesaray, Balkans, Ban Chao, Battle of Talas, Beijing, Black Death, Black Sea, Boreas, Brazil, Britain, Bronze Age, Brunei, Buddha, Buddhist, Bulgar, Bulgars, Byzantine Empire, Canaan, Caspian Sea, Central Asia, Ceylon, Chang'an, China, Chinese, Chinese Turkestan, Christopher Columbus, Cornwall, Crimea, Crimean peninsula, Ctesiphon, Cush, Daqin, Dayuan, De Virga, Deir el-Bahri, Devon, Domestication of the horse, Dromedary, East Africa, Eastern Europe, Egypt, England, Erzurum, Esther, Eurasia, Europe, Euthydemus, Ferdinand von Richthofen, Ferghana, Fifth Dynasty, Florus, Fra Mauro, Fra Mauro map, Fujin, Gan Ying, Gandhara, German, Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Giovanni de Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, Great Britain, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Greco-Buddhism, Greco-Buddhist, Greco-Buddhist art, Greeks, Guanabara Bay, Guangzhou, Han, Han Dynasty, Hanoi, Harappa, Hatshepsut, Hellenistic, Hennu, Henry Yule, Herakles, Hercules, Herodotus, High Middle Ages, Hong Kong, Hou Hanshu, Huns, Ibn Battuta, Il Khanate, Il Milione, India, Indian, Indian Ocean, Indians, Indo-European, Indo-European language, Indus valley, Industrial Revolution, Iran, Iranian, Iron Age, Islam, Islamic, Israel, Italy, Izmir, Japan, Jiaozhi, Kamakura, Kangnido, Karakorum, Kashgar, Kazakhstan, Kazan, Khazar Federation, Khorasan, Khotan, Khujand, Korea, Kushan, Kushan Empire, Kypchak, Kypchaks, Kyrgyz, Land of Punt, Lapis lazuli, Later Han History, Lebanon, Leibniz, Levant, Lothal, Loulan, Maadi, Magyars, Malacca, Manichaean, Marco Polo, Marmara Sea, Mathura, Medieval technology, Mediterranean, Mediterranean Sea, Mentuhotep III, Mesopotamia, Middle East, Mohenjo-daro, Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire: Silk Road, Nabataean, Nabataeans, Naqada, Nara, Narmer, Nehsi, Nekhen, Nestorian, Netherlands, Niccolo Da Conti, Nile, Nile River, Nio, North Africa, North China, Odoric of Pordenone, Oxus, Pacific, Palermo stone, Pamir, Parthain empire, Parthia, Parthians, Persia, Persia (Iran), Persian, Persian Empire, Pharaoh, Philippines, Pliny the Elder, Portugal, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact, Prehistoric Britain, Ptolemies, Qin, Quanzhou, Radhanites, Red Sea, Renaissance, Rio de Janeiro, Roman, Roman Empire, Roman embassies to China, Rome, Royal Road, S. Asia, S.E. Asia, Sahara, Sahara: History, Cattle period, Sahure, Sarmakhand, Sarmatians, Sassanid Empire, Sassanid Persians, Scythian, Scythians, Seleucid, Seleucid Empire, Senate, Seneca the Younger, Senusret III, Seres, Serindian art, Shinto, Shukongoshin, Siam, Silk Road transmission of Art, Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, Simplified Chinese, Sinai, Sino-Roman relations, Sneferu, Sogdiana, South China, Southeast Asia, Southern Asia, Sri Lanka, Strabo, Susa, Sweden, Syria, Syrian, Ta-Hia, Tabriz, Tajikistan, Tarim Basin, Tarim mummies, Thailand, The Wealth of Nations, Three Kingdoms, Thutmoses III, Tian Shan, Tigris, Tocharians, Traditional Chinese, Trajan, Transoxiana, Turkestan, Turkey, Turkish, Turkmenistan, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Ukraine, Urumqi, Uzbekistan, Vajrapani, Venetian, Venice, Venice, Italy, Vietnam, Volga, William of Rubruck, Wudi, Xerxes, Xi'an, Xin, Xinjiang, Xiong-Nu, Yarkand, Yuan Dynasty, Yuezhi, Zhang Qian, amphorae, ancient Britain, ancient Egypt, ancient Egyptian, ancient Egyptians, antiquity, archeological site of Begram, archeologist, army, artifacts, astrolabe, bronze, caravan, caravans, cartouches, cedar, chemicals, cities along the Silk Road, civilizations, coca, compass, construction, contamination, crossbow, crossbows, cultural exchanges, diorite, domestication, donkey, dromedary, electrum, explorers, first century CE, forts, gold, goods, grapes, gunpowder, horse, jade, junks, kilometers, lapis lazuli, malachite, mercantilism, merchants, mines, modernity, mummies, myrrh, naphtha, nephrite, pack animals, pinyin, pottery, predynastic Egypt, prehistoric, printing, relief, religious, sea-faring, serekh, shard, shipping, silk, spinel, steatite, steppes, technological, third millennium BC, tin, tissue, tobacco, trade, trade with the Roman Empire, transport, vines, warriors, western Europe, wild silk
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Mongol era", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
|
|
|
More material related to Silk Road can be found here:
|
|
|
« Back
|
Search the Global Oneness web site |
|
|
|
|
|
Sneak-Peek of Global Oneness Community
Hi friend! The Global Oneness Community, the place for information and sharing about Oneness is not really launched yet (you will see there is still some clean up to do) ...but it is now open for a sneak-peek! And if you wish - please register and become one of the very first members to do so! Jonas
Forum Home,
Articles,
Photo Gallery,
Videos,
News,
Sitemap
...and much more!
|
