Science fiction: Encyclopedia - Science fiction

Science fiction

Science fiction is a genre of fiction in which advances in science, or contact with more scientifically advanced civilizations, create situations different from those of both the present day and the known past. Although science fiction is often written primarily to entertain, many authors have a deeper purpose, using the genre to provide insight into science, society, or the human condition. The borders of this genre are not well defined, and the dividing lines between its sub-genres are often fluid. (In Strong Opinions, Vladimir Nabokov half-seriously argues that, if we were truly rigorous with our definitions, Shakespeare's play The Tempest would have to be termed science fiction.)

Science fiction - Terminology

The term "science fiction" first came into popular usage in the 1930s with the publication of Science Wonder Stories magazine by Hugo Gernsback. Before then, stories in this genre were often referred to as "scientific romances".

Two competing abbreviations for "science fiction" are in common usage: "SF" (or "S.F.") is the term most commonly used by science fiction writers and serious fans. This is also the preferred usage in the U.K..

The euphonic "sci-fi", coined by Forrest J Ackerman in 1954, has grown tremendously in popularity and is today, by far, the more common term used in the popular press, although many hardcore fans and authors continue to wince at its usage or even consider it offensive. Brian Aldiss, defending the abbreviation "SF", notes that it is flexible enough to stand for science fantasy or speculative fiction, as well as science fiction. Some detractors of the term "sci-fi" have corrupted its pronunciation to "skiffy," which itself has become a sub-genre term for poorly made science fiction. Harlan Ellison has derided the term "sci-fi" as a "hideous neologism" that "sounds like crickets fucking," a comment to which Ackerman responded by producing buttons bearing the slogan, "I love the sound of crickets making love."

Another source of dislike for the sci-fi term is the tendency for the mainstream to use it as a collective term that lumps together not only true science fiction but fantasy, horror, comic books, cult films, special effects action films, only marginally related genres such as anime and gaming, and completely unrelated fields such as UFOlogy.

Despite this controversy, two high-profile science fiction-based cable networks in the United States and the United Kingdom take their name from this term, although both networks air programming which may not fit into everyone's definition of "science fiction." The channel name may be particularly suitable for those who dislike the term sci-fi since, according to Dave Langford:

SF people [pronounce sci-fi] in tones of heavy irony to describe bad TV or movie sf.
—Fandom As She Is Spoke, September 1995

A variation of the term is "sci-fantasy".

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Science fiction - Scope

A great deal of science fiction expands on themes treated by early pioneers such as H. G. Wells and Jules Verne.

The following subjects from works by Verne are found in much later science fiction:

• Space travel (From the Earth to the Moon), 1865
• The future (Paris in the 20th Century), 1863
• Technology not yet invented (Submarines 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea), 1870
• Mental changes in humans (The Green Ray), 1882
• Terraforming (Invasion of the Sea), 1904

One considers also these works by Wells:

• Biological changes in humans or animals (The Island of Dr. Moreau).
• Time travel (The Time Machine).
• Humans with extraordinary powers (The Invisible Man)
• Contact with aliens from other worlds (The War of the Worlds)
• Space travel (The First Men in the Moon)
• The future (When the Sleeper Wakes)
• The evolution of the human race (Men Like Gods)

In defining the scope of the science fiction genre, we speak of the effect of science or technology on society or individuals. This may be epic in scope, or personal. The purpose may be to produce a sense of wonder, or to examine the effect of extraordinary circumstances on human character.

The possibilities are infinite, which is why science fiction is a notoriously difficult genre to define. We may have

• the effect of imagined science
• the imagined effect of actual science
• imagined technology based upon actual science
• imagined technology based upon imagined science
• the effect of science and technology on the present day society
• the effect of science and technology on an imagined society.

A science fiction story may be very realistic, as in Arthur C. Clarke's novel A Fall of Moondust, or highly imaginative, set in an extraterrestrial civilization or a parallel universe, as in Isaac Asimov's novel The Gods Themselves.

Some fiction sits on the borderline between science fiction and other genres; some writing defies categorisation. The term "science fiction" generally refers to any fiction that the average reader would consider theoretically possible, but which is not set in the past or present as we generally conceive it to be. Even clearly impossible fiction set in the future or in outer space is usually considered science fiction, if it has the trappings of science rather than magic. Thus stories of faster-than-light travel are generally counted as science fiction. The phrase "science fiction" is sometimes applied even more broadly, to include fantasy. Many bookstores shelve science fiction and fantasy together. Finally, there are slipstream stories, a term coined for fiction that doesn't fit comfortably either inside or outside the science fiction genre. A good example is the Hugo-nominated novel Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson. The phrase speculative fiction has been suggested as more inclusive than "science fiction".

If the society, the person, the technology, and the scientific knowledge base in the story are all standard and realistic (drawn from observed reality), without much extrapolation of any of these literary components, the story would be classed as mainstream, contemporary fiction rather than as science fiction, but if the characters' psychology (thoughts and feelings) about the laws of the universe, time, reality, and human invention are unusual and tend toward existential re-interpretation of life's meaning in relation to the technological world, then it would be classed a modernist work of literature which overlaps with the themes of science fiction.

It can also be argued that science fiction is simply a modern form of fantasy, which developed alongside of the rise of science and technology as driving factors in modern society. In this view, the elements that would previously have been presented as fantasy: magic, transformations, divination, mind-reading, fabulous beasts, new civilizations, and higher beings, are rationalized or supported through scientific or quasiscientific rationales: marvelous devices, mutation, psychic abilities, aliens and their civilizations. This definition also has the benefit of avoiding semantic traps over science fiction stories that are overtaken by events. There are many classic science fiction stories which include science since disproven or predictions that did not happen. There is a substantial overlap between the audiences of science fiction and fantasy literature, and many, if not most, science fiction authors have also written works of fantasy. Many fantasy novels have won Hugo awards and Nebula awards.

Precursors of the genre, such as Mary Shelley's Gothic novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus (1818), the same author's post-apocalyptic The Last Man (1826), and Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) plainly are science fiction, whereas Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897), based on the supernatural, is not. A borderline case is Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, where the time travel is unexplained, but subsequent events make realistic use of science. Shelley's novel and Stevenson's novella are early examples of a standard science fiction theme: The obsessed scientist whose discoveries worsen a bad circumstance. Science fiction has often been concerned with the great hopes people place in science and also with their fears concerning the negative side of technological development.

The broader category of speculative fiction includes science fiction, fantasy, alternative histories (which often have no particular scientific or futuristic component), and even literary stories where the only fantastic element is the strangeness of their style. Olaf Stapledon's Darkness and the Light, which presents two possible futures for mankind defined by developments in ethics and philosophy, is a good example of speculative fiction. Another branch of speculative fiction is the utopian or dystopian story. These are sometimes claimed by science fiction on the grounds that sociology is a science. Many satirical novels with fantastic settings qualify as speculative fiction. Gulliver's Travels is one example.

Two other concepts often associated with science fiction are its 'sense of wonder' and the common use of 'paradigm shifts'. Sense of wonder here refers to the feeling of awe that is often expressed in science fiction stories, whether this is in reference to the setting, circumstances, or ideas presented. Paradigm shifts are often used to produce a sense of shock, or a change in the frame of reference for the reader. In these instances, the character often learns that the world as he conceived it is not at all as it seems.

A popular idea of science fiction is that it is, in general, attempting to predict the future. Some commentators go so far as to attempt to judge the "success" of a work of science fiction on the accuracy of its predictions. While most science fiction is set in the future, most authors are not attempting to predict; instead, they use the future as an open framework for their themes. A science fiction writer is generally not trying to write a history of the future that they believe will happen, any more than a writer of westerns is trying to create a historically accurate depiction of the old West. There are exceptions, especially in early science fiction. Writers are as likely to write of a future that they hope will not happen as they are to write about a future they think will happen.

Science fiction - Media

Early science fiction was published in books and in general circulation magazines. The science fiction magazine began in 1926 with the publication of Amazing Stories edited by Hugo Gernsback. Most science fiction written between 1926 and the early 1950s appeared in science fiction magazines. Since then, there has been a huge increase in the amount of written science fiction published, and now most written science fiction appears in either hardback or paperback books, though there is still significant science fiction published in magazines and now on-line.

Beginning early in the history of silent film, the science fiction film established a genre of its own, generally more sensational and less scientific than written science fiction. It has often been said that film SF lags about fifty years behind written SF, with a film such as Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope resembling the pulp science fiction in Planet Stories. Many of the movie serials of the 1940s and 1950s were science fiction, and they led into early science fiction television which produced such programs as Tom Corbett -- Space Cadet and Captain Video.

Science fiction entered the comic strip medium in 1929 with Buck Rogers, followed in 1934 by Flash Gordon. The majority of Americans, before the 1950s, never encountered any science fiction other than in the "funny papers", and assumed all SF was just like comic strip science fiction, thus the phrase, used as an insult but later fondly adopted by some fans, "that crazy Buck Rogers stuff". Radio science fiction began by adapting Buck and Flash stories for radio, but later brought some of the best magazine science fiction to a larger audience with Dimension X and X Minus One, which adapted stories by Heinlein, Asimov, Leiber, and other major writers for radio. The comic book began by reprinting comic strips, and Buck and Flash both had their own comic book reprints. As soon as original comic books began to appear, science fiction was there. Planet Stories had a comic book companion. Hugo Gernsback published Wonderworld with art by pulp artist Frank R. Paul. Later EC Comics published the much beloved Weird Science and Weird Fantasy which first stole and later actually paid to adapt stories by Ray Bradbury. DC Comics published Strange Adventures and Mystery in Space, edited by Julius Schwartz.

There have been a few science fiction stage plays, notably some Los Angeles theater adaptations of some of Bradbury's stories. There have been science fiction View-Master reels, notably "Sam Sawyer's Trip to the Moon". There have been original science fiction CDs, such as Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds and The Firesign Theatre's "Don't Crush that Dwarf, Hand me the Pliers". There is also a small but growing number of science-fiction operas. In fact, science fiction has appeared in just about every medium conceived by the mind of man.

Science fiction - Fandom

Many fanzines ("fan magazines") and a few professional ones exist, dedicated solely to informing the science fiction fan on all aspects of the genre. The premiere literary awards of science fiction, the Hugo Awards, are awarded by members of the annual Worldcon, which is almost entirely run by fan volunteers; the other major science fiction literary award is the Nebula. Science fiction fandom often overlaps with other, similar interests, such as fantasy, role-playing games, and the Society for Creative Anachronism. The largest, annual, multi-genre science fiction convention is Dragon Con, held in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Of course, the fans of science fiction have whole-heartedly embraced the Internet. There are fan fiction sites which include additional, fan-created stories featuring characters from the genre's books, movies, and television programs. Although these may be technically illegal under copyright law, they often are permitted when no profit is made from them, and there is clear understanding that the copyright remains property of the characters' original creators. There are fan sites devoted to Frank Herbert's Dune, Michael Moorcock's Multiverse, etc. and to television shows such as Star Trek and its derivatives.

SF fandom has frequently served as an incubator for special-interest groups which originally coalesced within it and then hived off to form organizations or entire subcultures of their own. Examples include:

• The Society for Creative Anachronism after 1971
• The L-5 Society after 1975
• LARP gaming after 1983
• Furry fandom around 1985
• The polyamory movement after about 1993
• American anime fandom after about 2002

SF fandom also has close historical links and a large population overlap with the hacker culture, and has been a significant vector in the spread of both neopaganism and libertarianism.

See also

• Category:Science fiction by media
• Clarke's three laws
• Cooper's Law
• Famous predictions
• Future studies
• Genres, subcategories and related topics to science fiction
• Golden Age of Science Fiction
• Hard science fiction
• History of science fiction
• List of science fiction awards
• Political ideas in science fiction
• Religious ideas in science fiction
• Science fiction magazines (category list)
• Science fiction related magazines (category list)
• Science fiction authors
• Science fiction film
• Science-fiction operas
• Science fiction in Croatia
• Science fiction in Japan
• Science fiction on television
• Science fiction themes
• Timeline of the future in forecasts
• Weapons in science fiction

Science fiction - SF Portals

• Analog - Published magazine for fiction
• The Association of Science Fiction & Fantasy Artists (ASFA) - Artists site and galleries
• Asimovs - Asimov's science fiction magazine
• Chronicles Network - Online ezine and forums
• Infinity Plus - Magazine and online articles
• Scifi.com - Site for the Sci-Fi channel
• SF Crowsnest - Reviews and interviews
• SFF Net - Homepages of many science fiction and fantasy writers, et al.; discussion groups, blogs, more
• SFF World - Online e-zine with reviews and forums
• SF Site - Online e-zine with lots of reviews and articles
• SFWA - Science Fiction Writers of America
• SFW - SciFiWorld - biographies and reviews

Science fiction - Bibliographies of SF in various languages

• La Tercera Fundación The biggest bibliography of SF published in Spanish
• nooSFere, the largest genre reference in French
• BDFI Base de Données Francophone de l'Imaginaire
• Axxón, the first SF ezine in Spanish, from Argentina
• DesdeAfuera, Peruvian SF in Spanish
• Guaicán literario, Cuban SF, Cuban SF, history, interviews, news in Spanish and English
• SF & Fantasy by Women Spanish-language Bibliography
• Bibliographie deutschsprachiger Science Fiction-Stories und Bücher Bibliography of works appearing in German
• Science Fiction in der DDR: Die Bibliographie East German (GDR) SF Bibliography
• Catalogo SF, Fantasy, Horror The most comprehensive bibliography of SF, Fantasy and Horror published in Italian

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Science fiction", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki