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Rigveda - Text | | Rigveda - Text: Encyclopedia II - Rigveda - Text | | From the time of its compilation, the text has been handed down in two versions: The Samhitapatha has all Sanskrit rules of sandhi applied and is the text used for recitation. The Padapatha has each word isolated in its pausa form and is used for memorization. The Padapatha is, as it were, a commentary to the Samhitapatha, but the two seem to be about co-eval. The original text as reconstructed on metrical grounds lies somewhere between the two, but closer to the Samhitapatha ("original" in the sense that it aims to recover the hymns in the form of their composition ...
See also:Rigveda, Rigveda - Text, Rigveda - Books, Rigveda - Translations, Rigveda - Internal evidence, Rigveda - Hindu tradition, Rigveda - More recent Indian views, Rigveda - Editions, Rigveda - Translations, Rigveda - Bibliography | | | Rigveda, Rigveda - Bibliography, Rigveda - Books, Rigveda - Editions, Rigveda - Hindu tradition, Rigveda - Internal evidence, Rigveda - More recent Indian views, Rigveda - Text, Rigveda - Translations | | |
| | | Rigveda: Encyclopedia II - Rigveda - Text
Rigveda - Text
From the time of its compilation, the text has been handed down in two versions: The Samhitapatha has all Sanskrit rules of sandhi applied and is the text used for recitation. The Padapatha has each word isolated in its pausa form and is used for memorization. The Padapatha is, as it were, a commentary to the Samhitapatha, but the two seem to be about co-eval. The original text as reconstructed on metrical grounds lies somewhere between the two, but closer to the Samhitapatha ("original" in the sense that it aims to recover the hymns in the form of their composition by the poets, known as Rishis).
Hermann Grassmann has numbered the hymns 1 through to 1028, putting the valakhilya at the end. The more common numbering scheme is by book, hymn and verse (and pada (foot) a, b, c ..., if required). E. g. the first pada is
- 1.1.1a agním īḷe puróhitaṃ "Agni I laud, the high priest"
and the final pada is
- 10.191.4d yáthāḥ vaḥ súsahā́sati "for your being in good company"
The entire 1028 hymns of the Rigveda, in the 1877 edition of Aufrecht, contain a total 39,831 padas. Counting the number of syllables is less straightforward because of issues of sandhi, but the metrical text of van Nooten and Holland (1994) has a total of 395,563 syllables (or an average of 9.93 syllables per pada). Most verses are jagati (padas of 12 syllables), trishtubh (padas of 11 syllables), viraj (padas of 10 syllables) or gayatri or anushtubh (padas of 8 syllables). The Shatapatha Brahmana gives a higher number of syllables, 432,000.
The Rig-Veda is preserved by two major shakhas ("branches", i. e. schools or recensions), Śākala and Bāṣkala. Considering its great age, the text is spectacularly well preserved and uncorrupted, the two recensions being practically identical, so that scholarly editions can mostly do without a critical apparatus. Associated to Śākala is the Aitareya-Brahmana. The Bāṣkala includes the Khilani and has the Kausitaki-Brahmana associated to it.
Rigveda - Books
Linguistic (as well as content-related) evidence suggests that books 2-7 are older than the remaining books. Books 1 and 10 are considered the most recent.
191 hymns. Hymn 1.1 is addressed to Agni, arranged so that the name of this god is the first word of the Rig-Veda. The remaining hymns are mainly addressed to Agni and Indra. Hymns 1.154 to 1.156 are addressed to (the later Hindu god) Vishnu.
43 hymns, mainly to Agni and Indra chiefly attributed to the Rishi gṛtsamda śaunohotra.
62 hymns, mainly to Agni and Indra. The verse 3.62.10 gained great importance in Hinduism as the Gayatri Mantra. Most hymns in this book are attributed to viśvāmitra gāthinaḥ
58 hymns, mainly to Agni and Indra. Most hymns in this book are attributed to vāmadeva gautama
87 hymns, mainly to Agni and Indra, the Visvadevas, the Maruts, the twin-deity Mitra-Varuna and the Asvins. Two hymns each are dedicated to Ushas (the dawn) and to Savitar. Most hymns in this book are attributed to the atri family
75 hymns, mainly to Agni and Indra. Most hymns in this book are attributed to the bārhaspatya family of Angirasas.
104 hymns, to Agni, Indra, the Visvadevas, the Maruts, Mitra-Varuna, the Asvins, Ushas, Indra-Varuna, Varuna, Vayu (the wind), two each to Sarasvati and Vishnu, and to others. Most hymns in this book are attributed to vasiṣṭha maitravaurṇi
103 hymns, mixed gods. Hymns 8.49 to 8.59 are the apocryphal valakhīlya, the majority of them are devoted to Indra. Most hymns in this book are attributed to the kāṇva family
114 hymns, entirely devoted to Soma Pavamana, the plant of the sacred potion of the Vedic religion.
191 hymns, to Agni and other gods. In the west, probably the most celebrated hymns are 10.129 and 10.130 dealing with creation, especially 10.129.7:
He, the first origin of this creation, whether he formed it all or did not form it, / Whose eye controls this world in highest heaven, he verily knows it, or perhaps he knows not. (Griffith)
These hymns exhibit a level of philosophical speculation very atypical of the Rig-Veda, which for the most part is occupied with ritualistic invocation.
Rigveda - Translations
The Rig-Veda was translated into English by Ralph T.H. Griffith in 1896. Partial English translations by Maurice Bloomfield and William Dwight Whitney exist. Griffith's translation is good, considering its age, but it is no replacement for Geldner's 1951 translation, the only independent scholarly translation so far. The later translations by Langlois and Elizarenkova depend heavily on Geldner, but Elizarenkova's translation is valuable in taking into account scholarly literature up to 1990.
Other related archives1200 BC, 12th century BC, 14th century, 1500 BC, 1896, 1900 BC, 1903, 2600 BC, 2nd millennium BC, 4th millennium BC, Brāhmana, Mādhava, Sāyana, Vedas, Vyāsa, Śatapatha Brāhmana, Adityas, Afghanistan, Agni, Aitareya-Brahmana, Amal Kiran, Angirasas, Aranyakas, Arya Samaj, Aryan Invasion Theory, Ashtavakra Gita, Asvins, Atharva Veda, Aurobindo, Aurora, BMAC, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bhagavad Gītā, Black and Red Ware, Brahmanas, Brahmanaspati, Brihaspati, D. B. Kasar, Dasa, Dyaus Pita, Eos, Frawley David, Friedrich Max Müller, Gandhara, Gandhara Grave culture, Gayatri Mantra, Germanic, Ghaggar-Hakra, Gita Govinda, Greek, Griffith, Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Helmand, Hermann Grassmann, Hindu, Hindu Kush, Hindu nationalism, Hinduism, India, Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryans, Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Iranian language, Indra, Indra-Varuna, Indus, Indus Valley Civilisation, Indus Valley civilization, Indus script, Itihāsas, Jupiter, Kak, Subhash, Khilani, Kuru, Latin, List, Mahābhārata, Mandalas, Maruts, Maurice Bloomfield, Max Müller, Mitra, Mitra-Varuna, North Pole, Oldenberg, Hermann, Persian, Prithivi, Punjab, Puranas, Pushan, Ralph T.H. Griffith, Ramayana, Rbhus, Rig Veda, Rishis, Rudra, Sama Veda, Sandhi, Sanskrit, Sarasvati, Savitar, Sayana, Shatapatha Brahmana, Shrikant G. Talageri, Shruti, Smriti, Soma, Sri Aurobindo, Stotras, Subhash Kak, Surya, Sutras, Swami Dayananda, Talageri, Shrikant, Tantras, The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, Theodor Aufrecht, Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, Turkmenistan, Tyr, Upanishads, Uranos, Ushas, Uttar Pradesh, Vac, Varuna, Vayu, Vedas, Vedic Aryans, Vedic Sanskrit, Vedic civilization, Vedic priesthood, Vedic religion, Vishnu, Vishvadevas, Visvadevas, Vrtra, William Dwight Whitney, Yajur Veda, Yaska, Zeus, Zoroastrian, animal sacrifice, anushtubh, apocryphal, astronomical, bronze age, chariots, foot, gayatri, hymns, iron, jagati, nomadic, pada, physiological, pseudoscientific, rice, rituals, runes, sacrifical, sandhi, shakhas, tatpurusha, tigers, transcendental, trishtubh, viraj
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Text", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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