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Observational learning | | Observational learning: Encyclopedia - Observational learning | | Observational learning or social learning is learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others. It is most associated with the work of psychologist Albert Bandura, who implemented some of the seminal studies in the area and initiated social learning theory.
Although observational learning can take place at any stage in life, it is thought to be particularly important d ...
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| | | Observational learning, Observational learning - Effect on behavior, Observational learning - Required conditions, Albert Bandura, Bobo doll experiment, learning, social cognition, inference, machine learning, Educational technology | | |
| | | Observational learning: Encyclopedia - Observational learning
Observational learning
Observational learning or social learning is learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others. It is most associated with the work of psychologist Albert Bandura, who implemented some of the seminal studies in the area and initiated social learning theory.
Although observational learning can take place at any stage in life, it is thought to be particularly important during childhood, particularly as authority becomes important.
Because of this, social learning theory has influenced debates on the effect of television violence and parental role models. Bandura's Bobo doll experiment is widely cited in psychology as a demonstration of observational learning and demonstrated that children are more likely to engage in violent play with a life size rebounding doll after watching an adult do the same.
Observational learning allows for learning without any change in behavior and has therefore been used as an argument against strict behaviorism which argued that behavior change must occur for new behaviors to be acquired.
Observational learning - Required conditions
Bandura called the process of social learning modelling and gave four conditions required for a person to successfully model the behaviour of someone else:
A person must first pay attention to a person engaging in a certain behavior (the model).
Once attending to the observed behavior, the observer must be able to effectively remember what the model has done.
The observer must be able to replicate the behavior being observed. For example, juggling cannot be effectively learned by observing a model juggler if the observer does not already have the ability to perform the component actions (throwing and catching a ball).
- Motivation and Opportunity
The observer must be motivated to carry out the action they have observed and remembered, and must have the opportunity to do so. For example, a suitably skilled person must want to replicate the behavior of a model juggler, and needs to have an appropriate number of items to juggle to hand.
Albert Bandura, Bobo doll experiment, learning, social cognition, inference, machine learning, Educational technology
Observational learning - Effect on behavior
Social learning may affect behavior in the following ways:
- Teaches new behaviors
- Increases or decreases the frequency with which previously learned behaviors are carried out
- Can encourage previously forbidden behaviors
- Can increase or decrease similar behaviors. For example, observing a model excelling in piano playing may encourage an observer to excel in playing the saxophone.
See also
- Albert Bandura
- Bobo doll experiment
- learning
- social cognition
- inference
- machine learning
- Educational technology
Other related archivesAlbert Bandura, Bobo doll experiment, Educational technology, authority, behaviorism, childhood, inference, learning, machine learning, role models, social cognition, television, violent
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Observational learning", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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