New Jersey: Encyclopedia II - New Jersey - History

New Jersey - History

New Jersey was once inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. New Jersey was settled by the Dutch in the early 1630s, who formed a settlement at present-day Jersey City. At the time, much of what is now New Jersey was claimed as part of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, which also included parts of present-day New York State and had its capital at New Amsterdam, now known as New York City. Some of southwestern New Jersey also was settled by the Swedes in the mid-1600s as part of the Swedish colony of New Sweden, which included parts of Delaware and southeastern Pennsylvania. These Swedish territories were seized by the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant in 1654 and incorporated into New Netherland.

The entire region became a territory of Britain in 1664 when a British fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into what is today New York Harbor and took over the colony. They met extremely little resistance.

During the English Civil War the Channel Isle of Jersey remained loyal to The English Crown and gave sanctuary to the King. It was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was first proclaimed King of England in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I of England. The North American lands were divided by King Charles II of England, who gave his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II) the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River (the land that would become New Jersey) to two friends who had been loyal through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton.

Settlement for the first 10 years of English rule was in the Hudson River region and came primarily from New England. On March 18, 1673 Berkeley sold his half of New Jersey to Quakers in England (with William Penn acting as trustee for a time) who settled the Delaware Valley region as a Quaker colony. New Jersey was governed as two distinct provinces, West Jersey and East Jersey, for the 28 years between 1674 and 1702. In 1702, the two provinces were united under a royal, rather than a proprietary, governor.

New Jersey - Revolutionary War era

New Jersey was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. During the American Revolutionary War, British and American armies crossed New Jersey numerous times and several pivotal battles took place in the state. Today, New Jersey is often referred to as "The Crossroads of the Revolution" because of that.

The New Jersey Constitution of 1776 gives the vote to "all inhabitants of this Colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money." This included blacks, spinsters, and widows. (Married women could not own property under the common law.) It used to be held that this was an accident of hasty drafting: the British were at Staten Island when the constitution was proclaimed, and it declares itself temporary, void if there was reconciliation with Great Britain. Klinghoffer and Elkis ("The Petticoat Electors: Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776–1807." Journal of the Early Republic 12, no. 2 (1992): 159–193.) show that it was a considered decision, and enforced by later law.

On Christmas, 1776, the Continental Army under George Washington crossed the Delaware River and engaged the unprepared Hessian troops in the Battle of Trenton. The river crossing has become an iconic moment in the early history of the United States of America, having been immortalized in Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's painting Washington Crossing the Delaware.

Slightly more than a week after victory at Trenton, on January 3, 1777, the American forces scored an important victory by first defeating Cornwallis's charges at the Second Battle of Trenton. By dodging Cornwallis's soldiers, Washington made a surprise attack on Princeton, and successfully defeated the British garrison there.

Later on, the American forces underneath George Washington engaged the forces underneath General Henry Clinton at the Battle of Monmouth, resulting indecisively. Washington attempted to take the British column by surprise; when the British army attempted to flank the Americans the Americans retreated in disorder. The ranks were later reorganized and withstanded the British charges.

In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall at Princeton University, making Princeton the nation's capital for four months. It was there that the Continental Congress learned of the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783) which ended the war. On November 20, 1789, the state became the first in the newly-formed Union to ratify the Bill of Rights.

Ironically, on February 15, 1804 New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish slavery by enacting legislation that slowly phased out slavery. However, by the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African-Americans in New Jersey were still apprenticed freedmen. New Jersey initially refused to ratify the Constitutional Amendments banning slavery and granting rights to America's Black population.

In 1844, the Second New Jersey State Constitution was ratified and placed into action. This newer constitution removed the right of women and blacks of suffrage. This right had previously been granted to those groups in the original State Constitution.

New Jersey - Civil War

Unlike during the Revolutiony War, no battles of the American Civil War took place within the state of New Jersey. However, throughout the course of the American Civil War, over 25,000 enlisted in the Northern army to defeat the Southern rebels. In total, the soldiers from New Jersey formed 31 regiments.

New Jersey was one of the few states to reject President Abraham Lincoln twice in national elections. It sided towards Stephen Douglas and George Brinton McClellan during their campaigns. George McClellan later became a governor of the state.

New Jersey - 1900s

Through both World Wars, New Jersey was a center for war production, especially in naval construction. Battleships, cruisers, and destroyers were all made in this state. In addition, Camp Kilmer, Fort Dix, and Camp Merritt were all constructed to help American soldiers through both World Wars. New Jersey also became a prinicipal location for defense in the Cold War. 14 Nike Missile stations were constructed, especially for the defense of New York City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

New Jersey became a prosperous state through the Roaring Twenties, but fell in prosperity under the Great Depression. Begging licenses were even offered to the unemployed by the state government in order to provide money for those who could not be helped by the exhausted state funds.^[1] During this time period, the zeppelin Hindenburg went up in flames over Lakehurst, New Jersey.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "History", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki