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Modern world - Famous people | | Modern world - Famous people: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Famous people | | Much of the Modern world replaced the Biblically-oriented value system, the monarchical government system, and the feudal economic system, with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics, science, psychology, sociology, and economics. These new ideas were derived from the writings of such people as:
(Note: The list below is not comprehensive by any means. To name all the thinkers and personalities who helped shape the modern age would be a voluminous undertaking. This selection is meant as a profile of the way major thinkers contributed to the creation of the world as we know it today. They are ...
See also:Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - 21st century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide | | | Modern world, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - 21st century, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern Europe | | |
| | | Modern world: Encyclopedia II - Modern world - Famous people
Modern world - Famous people
Much of the Modern world replaced the Biblically-oriented value system, the monarchical government system, and the feudal economic system, with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics, science, psychology, sociology, and economics. These new ideas were derived from the writings of such people as:
(Note: The list below is not comprehensive by any means. To name all the thinkers and personalities who helped shape the modern age would be a voluminous undertaking. This selection is meant as a profile of the way major thinkers contributed to the creation of the world as we know it today. They are listed chronologically by year of birth.)
Modern world - 15th century and 16th century
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Refutes geocentric theory, proposes a model placing the Sun at the center of the universe.
- Petrus Apianus (1495 - 1557), astronomer and cartographer. Published the first table of sines.
- Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601), astronomer, astrologer and alchemist, proposed the Tychonic system in contrast to both the traditional Geocentric model and the new version of Heliocentrism.
Modern world - 17th century
- Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Wrote Starry Messenger reinforced Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Used early telescope to discover planets, mountains on the moon, sun spots, and the Milky Way in space.
- René Descartes (1596-1650) Wrote Meditations on First Philosophy and Discourse on Method. Rejected Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions; Boosted rationalism
- Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) Elevated scientific pantheism and rationalism.
- John Locke (1632-1704) Refutes Divine right of kings Role of tolerance in government
Modern world - 18th century
- Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Wrote Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica or Principia. Revolutionized mathematics, optics, and physics, laid the foundations for modern science
- Voltaire (1694-1778) Wrote Candide opposing Leibniz's "metaphysical optimism". Author and Philosopher freethinker before the French Revolution
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Wrote Poor Richard's Almanack. Architect of liberty and helped draft the American Declaration of Independence
- Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Wrote Social Contract :All men are born free and equal, rights of citizens and Will of the people
- Adam Smith (1723-1790) Wrote Wealth of Nations. Father of Classical Economics. Advocated laissez-faire market forces
- Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Wrote The Critique of Pure Reason in (1781). German philosopher and founder of critical philosophy. Explored role of knowledge and mind. Contributed to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics.
- Edmund Burke (1729-1797) Free trade and constitutional statesmanship against misgovernmemt
Modern world - 19th century
- Georg Hegel (1770-1831) Wrote Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1821). Concepts of dialectics, thesis and antithesis and synthesis central to Hegelian philosophy.
- John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Wrote Principles of Political Economy advocating greater interaction between Labor and wealth
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Theory of evolution and homosapiens. Naturalism, botany
- Karl Marx (1818-1883) Wrote Das Kapital, Marxism, Communism. Dictatorship of the proletariat
- Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) Chiral molecules, existence of germs (microorganisms), pasteurization, vaccine against rabies.
- Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) Wrote War and Peace and chronicled the tumultuous conditions in Russia, its pre-Revolutionary anarchy, nihilism and social turmoil. Preached a form of Christian peace.
- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra and The Will to Power. Criticized traditional Christian values such as guilt. Preached concept of will to power and doctrine of the Übermensch ("Superman" or "Ultimate Man") that was later twisted and abused by Hitlerian Fascism and the Nazis as a rationale for Germanic anti-Semitism and the genocide of Jews.
- Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) Wrote Judenstaat ("Jewish State"). Father of modern Zionism. Laid down the political groundwork for the future State of Israel. Convened First Zionist Congress (1897) in Basel, Switzerland establishing the World Zionist Organization predicting a Jewish state within 50 years.
Modern world - 20th century
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Wrote Interpretation of Dreams, The Ego and the Id, Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. Medical doctor. Started as neurologist. Father of psychoanalysis. Revealing the hidden subconscious libido and thanatos and the workings of the Ego, Superego and Id on human personality and behavior. Sought cures for modern neurosis and psychosis of neurotic and psychotic patients.
- John Dewey (1859-1952) Wrote Democracy and Education (1916) Philosopher of pragmatism and Social Darwinism.
- Max Weber (1864-1920) Wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), Economy and Society (1914), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Pub. 1949 ). Forming sociology. Father of Social Sciences and study of the social system.
- Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) Hindu philosopher and lawyer,proponent of non violent protest contributed to the end of British rule in India and Pakistan helping to end the British Empire.
- Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) (together with Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)), wrote Principia Mathematica connecting with Pythagoras and Plato. Russell wrote The Problems of Philosophy, Why I Am Not a Christian (1927) and much more. Logician, mathematician philosopher of liberalism and an activist pacifist, in 1958 becomes founding President of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.
- Winston Churchill (1874-1965) Wrote History of the English-Speaking Peoples. Political saviour of Britain facing Nazism Strategic theoretician of the Atlantic Alliance between Britain and the USA.
- Carl Jung (1875-1961) Wrote Symbols and Transformation (1912), Psychological Types (1921), Psychology and Religion: West and East, Psycholgy and Alchemy (1944), Practice of Psychotherapy. Role of mythology, religion and God in psychology.
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Postulated E=mc². All matter is energy and the Theory of relativity. Atomic theories helped the USA build the first atom bomb. Contributed to evolution of atomic energy, the atomic bomb, and nuclear weapons. Peace activist and warned about perils of nuclear war.
- Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) Revolutionary Bolshevik leader and "Father of the Red Army". The Writings of Leon Trotsky shaped Trotskyism.
- John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in (1936) key in modern economics on employment and supply and demand.
- D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) Wrote Lady Chatterley's Lover and Sons and Lovers Promoted literary eroticism and sexual freedom. Fought efforts by censors objecting to pornography.
- T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) Wrote The waste land in 1922 and The hollow men in 1925 poet describing the frustrations of love and the emptiness of existence.
- Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) German dictator (1933-1945). Wrote Mein Kampf (1925) whilst in prison for a failed putsch, outlining his views which he put into practice. Doctrine of vicious Anti-Semitism, developed Nazism, and wanted genocide against non-Aryan peoples.
- Walt Disney (1901-1966) Creator of animated movies, revolutionized story-telling by introducing fictional Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, Minnie Mouse, and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs loved and imitated by millions of children and adults. Creator of pop culture.
- George Orwell (1903-1950) Wrote Animal Farm and 1984 warning about the dangers of totalitarianism and the state as Big Brother
- Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918- ) Wrote The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956: An Experiment in Literary Investigation. Intellectual who rejected cruelties of communism in the USSR.
Other related archives1453, 1473, 1492, 1495, 1500, 1543, 1546, 1557, 1564, 1596, 15th century, 1601, 1632, 1642, 1648, 1650, 1677, 1687, 1688, 1694, 16th century, 1704, 1706, 1712, 1715, 1723, 1724, 1727, 1729, 1770, 1778, 1781, 1789, 1790, 1797, 17th century, 1804, 1806, 1809, 1818, 1821, 1822, 1828, 1831, 1844, 1856, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1864, 1869, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1879, 1882, 1883, 1885, 1888, 1889, 1895, 1897, 18th century, 1900, 1901, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1910, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1925, 1927, 1930, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1960s, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1980s, 1984, 19th century, 20th century, 21st century, Adam Smith, Adolf Hitler, Albert Einstein, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Alfred North Whitehead, Ancien Régime, Animal Farm, Anti-Semitism, Aristotelian, Aryan, Atlantic Alliance, Atomic, Baruch Spinoza, Basel, Benjamin Franklin, Bertrand Russell, Biblically, Big Brother, Bolshevik, Bolshevik Revolution, Britain, British Empire, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Candide, Carl Jung, Charles Darwin, Chiral, Classical Economics, Columbus, Communism, Communist party, Constantinople, Constitution, D.H. 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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Famous people", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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