Military history of African Americans: Encyclopedia - Military history of African Americans

Military history of African Americans

Military history of African Americans is that of African Americans in the United States since the arrival of the first black slaves in 1619 to the present day. African American military history is marked by feats throughout several conflicts in American History; as African American soldiers had fought bravely in the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, the World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the current War in Iraq.

Military history of African Americans - Revolutionary War

African-Americans, slaves and free blacks, served on both sides during the war. Black soldiers served in northern militias from the outset, but this was forbidden in the South, where slaveowners feared arming slaves. Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, issued an emancipation proclamation in November 1775, promising freedom to runaway slaves who fought for the British; Sir Henry Clinton issued a similar edict in New York in 1779. Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to the British lines, although possibly as few as 1,000 served under arms. Many of the rest served as orderlies, mechanics, laborers, servants, scouts and guides, although more than half died in smallpox epidemics that swept the British forces, and a number were driven out of the British lines when food ran low. Despite Dunmore's promises, the majority were not given their freedom.^[1]

In response, and because of manpower shortages, Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. All-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts; many were slaves promised freedom for serving in lieu of their masters; another all-black unit came from Haiti with French forces. At least 5,000 black soldiers fought as Revolutionaries.

Peter Salem and Salem Poor are the most noted of the American patriots during this era.

Military history of African Americans - Civil War

The history of African Americans in the U.S. Civil War is marked by 180,000 African Americans comprising 163 units served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and many more African Americans served in the Union Navy. Both free African Americans and runaway slaves joined the fight. Substantially smaller numbers of blacks are recorded to have served on the Confederate side including two units formed in Richmond, Virginia in 1865, however records are scarce and an exact number is not known.

Military history of African Americans - African Americans in the Union Military

On July 17, 1862, Congress passed two acts allowing the enlistment of African Americans, but official enrollment occurred only after the September, 1862 issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. In general, white soldiers and officers believed that black men lacked the courage to fight and fight well. In October, 1862, African American soldiers of the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers silenced their critics by repulsing attacking Confederates at the Battle of Island Mound, Missouri. By August, 1863, 14 Negro Regiments were in the field and ready for service. At the Battle of Port Hudson, Louisiana, May 27, 1863, the African American soldiers bravely advanced over open ground in the face of deadly artillery fire. Although the attack failed, the black soldiers proved their capability to withstand the heat of battle.

On July 17, 1863, at Honey Springs, Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, the 1st Kansas Colored fought with courage again. Union troops under General James Blunt ran into a strong Confederate force under General Douglas Cooper. After a two-hour bloody engagement, Cooper's soldiers retreated. The 1st Kansas, which had held the center of the Union line, advanced to within fifty paces of the Confederate line and exchanged fire for some twenty minutes until the Confederates broke and ran. General Blunt wrote after the battle, "I never saw such fighting as was done by the Negro regiment....The question that negroes will fight is settled; besides they make better solders in every respect than any troops I have ever had under my command."

The most widely known battle fought by African Americans was the assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina, by the 54th Massachusetts on July 18, 1863. The 54th volunteered to lead the assault on the strongly-fortified Confederate positions. The soldiers of the 54th scaled the fort's parapet, and were only driven back after brutal hand-to-hand combat.

Although black soldiers proved themselves as reputable soldiers, discrimination in pay and other areas remained widespread. According to the Militia Act of 1862, soldiers of African descent were to receive $10.00 a month, plus a clothing allowance of $3.50. Many regiments struggled for equal pay, some refusing any money until June 15, 1864, when Congress granted equal pay for all black soldiers.

African American soldiers participated in every major campaign of 1864-1865 except Sherman's invasion of Georgia. The year 1864 was especially eventful for African American troops. On April 12, 1864, at Battle of Fort Pillow, Tennessee, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest led his 2,500 men against the Union-held fortification, occupied by 292 black and 285 white soldiers. After driving in the Union pickets and giving the garrison an opportunity to surrender, Forrest's men swarmed into the fort with little difficulty and drove the Federals down the river's bluff into a deadly crossfire. Casualties were high and only sixty-two of the U.S. Colored Troops survived the fight. Many accused the Confederates of perpetuating a massacre of black troops, and the controversy continues today. The battle cry for the Negro soldier east of the Mississippi River became "Remember Fort Pillow!"

The Battle of Chaffin's Farm, Virginia became one of the most heroic engagements involving African Americans. On September 29, 1864, the African American division of the Eighteenth Corps, after being pinned down by Confederate artillery fire for about 30 minutes, charged the earthworks and rushed up the slopes of the heights. During the hour-long engagement the division suffered tremendous casualties. Of the sixteen African Americans who were awarded the Medal of Honor during the Civil War, fourteen received the honor as a result of their actions at New Market Heights.

In actual numbers, African American soldiers comprised 10% of the entire Union Army. Losses among African Americans were high, and from all reported casualties, approximately one-third of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War.

Military history of African Americans - African Americans in the Confederate Military

Due to the controversial nature of the subject and the poor quality of surviving records, the service of African Americans in the Confederate military is contentious. One estimate by Ed Smith of American University suggests that between 60,000 and 93,000 blacks, both slave and free, served in the confederate military in some capacity, however the vast majority of these were likely teamsters, cooks, musicians, and hospital attendants. [2],

For most of the war the Confederate Government prohibited the enlistment of African Americans as armed soldiers in the national army. The Confederate Congress authorized salaries for black musicians in 1862, stating "whenever colored persons are employed as musicians in any regiment or company, they shall be entitled to the same pay now allowed by law to musicians regularly enlisted."

Some individual states in the confederacy permitted free blacks to enlist as soldiers in their state militias. The first to do so was Tennessee, which passed a law on June 21, 1861 authorizing the recruitment of state militia units composed of "free persons of color" between the ages of 15 and 50. Louisiana, which had a sizable free black population, followed suit and assembled the all-black 1st Louisiana Native Guard. Alabama authorized the enlistment of "mixed blood" creoles in 1862 for a state militia unit in Mobile.[3]

In January, 1864, General Patrick Cleburne and several other Confederate officers in the Army of the Tennessee proposed using slaves as soldiers in the national army since the Union was using black troops. Cleburne recommended offering slaves their freedom if they fought and survived. Confederate President Jefferson Davis refused to consider Cleburne's proposal and forbade further discussion of the idea.

The concept, however, did not die. By the fall of 1864, the South was losing more and more ground, and some believed that only by arming the slaves could defeat be averted. On January 11, 1865 General Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them to arm and enlist black slaves in exchange for their freedom. On March 13, the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14, and President Davis signed the order into law. The order was issued March 23, 1865, but only a few African American companies were raised, and the war ended before they could be used in battle. Two companies were armed and drilled in the streets of Richmond, Virginia shortly before the besieged southern capital fell. One of the units accompanied General Lee's retreat toward Appomattox and fought at the battle of Amelia, Virginia two days before Lee's surrender.

Military history of African Americans - Indian Wars

From the 1870s to the early 20th Century, African units were utilized by the United States Government to combat the Native Americans during the Indian Wars. Perhaps the most noted among this group were the Buffalo Soldiers.

At the end of the U.S. Civil War the army reorganized and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry with the designations 9th and 10th U. S. Cavalry. Two regiments of infantry were formed at the same time. These units were composed of black enlisted men commanded by white officers such as Benjamin Grierson, and, occasionally, an African-American officer such as Henry O. Flipper.

From 1866 to the early 1890s these regiments served at a variety of posts in the southwest United States and Great Plains regions. During this period they participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the military campaigns, the "Buffalo Soldiers" served a variety of roles along the frontier from building roads to escorting the U.S. mail.

Military history of African Americans - Spanish American War

After the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s the regiments continued to serve and participated in the Spanish-American War (including the Battle of San Juan Hill), where five more Medals of Honor were earned. They took part in the 1916 Punitive Expedition into Mexico and in the Philippine-American War.

Military history of African Americans - Volunteer Army Units

In addition to the African Americans who served in the Spanish American war in Regular Army units, the following Volunteer Army Units were Federalized from the National Guard:

• (NOTE: None of the three Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiments ever left the United States.
• Mustered In: June 4, 1898 - August 5, 1898 at Mobile, Alabama
• Mustered Out: March 20, 1899 at Anniston, Alabama
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 46
  • Enlisted Men: 1,185
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 46
  • Enlisted Men: 992
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 53
  • Enlisted Men: 1,178
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 7
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 7
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 0
    • Discharged for Disability: 12
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 4
    • Discharged by Order: 71
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 7
    • Died of Accident: 1
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 3
    • Deserted: 88
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 186

• NOTE: Of the 11 Illinois units that were mustered in, only the 8th Illinois and seven other units actually left the United States.

• Mustered In: July 12, 1898 - July 21, 1898 at Springfield, Illinois
• Mustered Out: April 3, 1899 at Chicago, Illinois
• Service Beyond the United States: Cuba
  • Leaving the United States: August 11, 1898
  • Arrival in Foreign Country: August 16, 1898
  • Leaving Foreign Country: March 10, 1899
  • Returned to United States: March 15, 1899
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 43
  • Enlisted Men: 1,226
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 46
  • Enlisted Men: 1,180
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 49
  • Enlisted Men: 1,244
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 3
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 3
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 0
    • Discharged for Disability: 6
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 3
    • Discharged by Order: 27
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 16
    • Died of Accident: 2
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 1
    • Deserted: 9
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 64
• Wounded:
  • Officers: 0
  • Enlisted Men: 0

• NOTE: Of the 8 units that mustered in, only 3 of them actually left the United States.
• Mustered In: July 15, 1898 at Indianapolis, Indiana.
• Mustered Out: January 20, 1899 at Chickamauga, Georgia.
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 6
  • Enlisted Men: 196
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 6
  • Enlisted Men: 198
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 6
  • Enlisted Men: 211
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 0
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 0
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 1
    • Discharged for Disability: 0
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 0
    • Discharged by Order: 1
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 0
    • Deserted: 11
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 13

• Of the four units that Kansas mustered in, only the 23rd and one other actually left the United States.

• Mustered In: July 2, 1898 - July 19, 1898 at Topeka, Kansas
• Mustered Out: April 10, 1899 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
• Service Beyond the United States: Cuba
  • Leaving the United States: August 25, 1898
  • Arrival in Foreign Country: August 31, 1898
  • Leaving Foreign Country: March 1, 1899
  • Returned to United States: March 5, 1899
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 29
  • Enlisted Men: 850
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 28
  • Enlisted Men: 823
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 32
  • Enlisted Men: 851
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 3
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 1
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 4
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 0
    • Discharged for Disability: 5
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 3
    • Discharged by Order: 7
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 11
    • Died of Accident: 1
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 1
    • Deserted: 0
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 28
  • Wounded:
    • Officers: 0
    • Enlisted Men: 0

• Of the three units that North Carolina mustered in, only one of them left the United States.
• Mustered In: May 12, 1898 - July 19, 1898 at Fort Macon, North Carolina
• Mustered Out: January 31, 1899 - February 8, 1899 at Macon, Georgia
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 43
  • Enlisted Men: 978
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 40
  • Enlisted Men: 1,022
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 50
  • Enlisted Men: 1,073
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 9
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 1
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 10
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 0
    • Discharged for Disability: 12
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 0
    • Discharged by Order: 10
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 13
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 2
    • Deserted: 14
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 51

• Of the 12 units that Ohio mustered in, only three of them left the United States.

• Mustered In: May 14, 1898 - July 8, 1898 at Columbus, Ohio
• Mustered Out: January 28, 1899 at Summerville, South Carolina
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 16
  • Enlisted Men: 314
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 16
  • Enlisted Men: 395
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 19
  • Enlisted Men: 440
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 3
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 3
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 1
    • Discharged for Disability: 14
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 0
    • Discharged by Order: 9
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 5
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 1
    • Deserted: 15
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 45

• Of the four units that Virginia mustered in, only one actually left the United States.

• Mustered In: July 9, 1898 - August 11, 1898 in Virginia
• Mustered Out: January 26, 1999 - January 28, 1899 at Macon, Georgia
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 29
  • Enlisted Men: 824
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 28
  • Enlisted Men: 804
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 37
  • Enlisted Men: 825
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 9
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 9
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 7
    • Discharged for Disability: 2
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 2
    • Discharged by Order: 3
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 2
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 2
    • Deserted: 3
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 21

• Of the 16 units the United States mustered in, only the 9th and nine other units actually left the United States.

• Mustered In: July 6, 1898 - July 23, 1898 in Missouri
• Mustered Out: February 28, 1899 at Macon, Georgia
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 42
  • Enlisted Men: 953
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 45
  • Enlisted Men: 897
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 58
  • Enlisted Men: 985
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 12
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 1
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 13
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 7
    • Discharged for Disability: 18
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 1
    • Discharged by Order: 32
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 16
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 3
    • Deserted: 11
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 88

• Mustered In: June 22, 1898 - July 24, 1898 in New Jersey, Tennessee, District of Columbia, Kentucky and West Virginia.
• Mustered Out: March 6, 1899 at Chattanooga, Tennessee.
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 40
  • Enlisted Men: 868
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 46
  • Enlisted Men: 934
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 50
  • Enlisted Men: 1,128
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 4
    • Dismissed: 0
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 4
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 9
    • Discharged for Disability: 34
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 13
    • Discharged by Order: 121
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 3
    • Died of Accident: 1
    • Drowned: 1
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 0
    • Deserted: 12
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 194

• Mustered In: June 18, 1898 - 16 July 16, 1898 at New Orleans, Louisiana
• Mustered Out: May 25, 1899 at Camp Meade, Pennsylvania
• Service Beyond the United States: Cuba
  • Leaving the United States: August 17, 1898
  • Arrival in Foreign Country: August 22, 1898
  • Leaving Foreign Country: April 26, 1899
  • Returned to United States: April 30, 1899
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 46
  • Enlisted Men: 984
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 46
  • Enlisted Men: 869
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 72
  • Enlisted Men: 1,047
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 6
    • Resigned or Discharged: 16
    • Dismissed: 1
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 3
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 26
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 44
    • Discharged for Disability: 12
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 0
    • Discharged by Order: 36
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 73
    • Died of Accident: 1
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 0
    • Deserted: 12
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 178
  • Wounded:
    • Officers: 0
    • Enlisted Men: 0

• Mustered In: July 2, 1898 - 22 July 22, 1898 in the District of Columbia, Virginia, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida.
• Mustered Out: March 8, 1899 at Macon, Georgia.
• Service Beyond the United States: NONE
• Mustered In:
  • Officers: 44
  • Enlisted Men: 964
• Mustered Out:
  • Officers: 45
  • Enlisted Men: 898
• Total Number Accounted for on Muster Out Roll:
  • Officers: 48
  • Enlisted Men: 999
• Losses While in Service:
  • Officers:
    • Promoted or Transferred: 0
    • Resigned or Discharged: 2
    • Dismissed: 1
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds: 0
    • Died of Disease: 0
    • Died of Accident: 0
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered: 0
  • TOTAL OFFICER LOSSES: 3
  • Enlisted Men:
    • Transferred: 5
    • Discharged for Disability: 33
    • Discharged by General Court Martial: 2
    • Discharged by Order: 19
    • Killed in Action: 0
    • Died of Wounds Received in Action: 0
    • Died of Disease: 14
    • Died of Accident: 1
    • Drowned: 0
    • Suicide: 0
    • Murdered or Homicide: 2
    • Deserted: 25
  • TOTAL ENLISTED LOSSES: 101

Military history of African Americans - Spanish Civil War

African-American activist and World War I veteran Oliver Law, fighting in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War, is believed to have been the first African-American officer to command white American troops.

Military history of African Americans - World Wars

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion.

Many soldiers of color served their country with distinction during World War I and World War II. Famous segregated units, such as the Tuskegee Airmen and U.S. 761st Tank Battalion proved their value in combat, leading to desegregation of all US Armed Forces by order of President Harry S. Truman in July of 1948 via Executive Order 9981.

• 93rd Infantry Division (Colored)
  • Harlem Hellfighters
  • U.S. 371st Infantry Regiment
    • Freddie Stowers
  • Oliver Law
• 555th Parachute Infantry Company
• U.S. 761st Tank Battalion
• Tuskegee Airmen
  • Benjamin O. Davis Jr.
• Dorie Miller

Military history of African Americans - Vietnam War

See main article Vietnam War

Military history of African Americans - Gulf War

See main article Gulf War

Military history of African Americans - 2003 War in Iraq

See main article War in Iraq

See also

• African Americans
• Benjamin O. Davis
• Martin Delaney
• Henry O. Flipper
• Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr.
• Military history of the United States
• Revolutionary War
• Spanish American War
• U.S. Civil War
• Vietnam War
• World War I
• World War II

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Military history of African Americans", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki