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Iron - Biological role | | Iron - Biological role: Encyclopedia II - Iron - Biological role | | Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacteria. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell ...
See also:Iron, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Applications, Iron - History, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Precautions | | | Iron, Iron - Applications, Iron - Biological role, Iron - Compounds, Iron - Extraction from ore, Iron - History, Iron - Isotopes, Iron - Notable characteristics, Iron - Occurrence, Iron - Precautions | | |
| | | Iron: Encyclopedia II - Iron - Biological role
Iron - Biological role
Iron is essential to all organisms, except for a few bacteria. It is mostly stably incorporated in the inside of metalloproteins, because in exposed or in free form it causes production of free radicals that are generally toxic to cells. To say that iron is free doesn't mean that it is free floating in the bodily fluids. Iron binds avidly to virtually all biomolecules so it will adhere nonspecifically to cell membranes, nucleic acids, proteins etc.
Many animals incorporate iron into the heme complex, an essential component of cytochromes, which are proteins involved in redox reactions (including but not limited to cellular respiration), and of oxygen carrying proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin. Inorganic iron involved in redox reactions is also found in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. A class of non-heme iron proteins is responsible for a wide range of functions within several life forms, such as enzymes methane monooxygenase (oxidizes methane to methanol), ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA biosynthesis), hemerythrins (oxygen transport and fixation in marine invertebrates) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters). When the body is fighting a bacterial infection, the body sequesters iron inside of cells (mostly stored in the storage molecule ferritin) so that it cannot be used by bacteria.
Iron distribution is heavily regulated in mammals, both as a defense against bacterial infection as well as the potential biological toxicity of iron. The iron absorbed from the duodenum binds to transferrin, and is carried by blood to different cells. There it gets by an as yet unknown mechanism incorporated into target proteins. [1]. A lengthier article on the system of human iron regulation can be found in the article on human iron metabolism.
Good sources of dietary iron include meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed pea, strawberries and farina.
Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as Iron (II) fumarate. The RDA for iron varies considerably based on the age, gender, and source of dietary iron (heme-based iron has higher bioavailability)[2]. Also note the section below on precautions.
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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Biological role", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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