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Hydrochloric acid - History | | Hydrochloric acid - History: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - History | | Hydrochloric acid was first discovered around the year 800 by Arab-Yemeni alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), by mixing common salt with vitriol (sulfuric acid). Jabir discovered or invented many important chemicals, and wrote his findings in over 20 books, which carried his chemical knowledge of hydrochloric acid and other basic chemicals for hundreds of years. Jabir's invention of the gold-dissolving aqua regia, consisting of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, contributed to the effort of alche ...
See also:Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Safety | | | Hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloric acid - Applications, Hydrochloric acid - Chemical weapons, Hydrochloric acid - Chemistry, Hydrochloric acid - Direct synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - History, Hydrochloric acid - Hydrochloric acid and living organisms, Hydrochloric acid - Industrial market, Hydrochloric acid - Organic synthesis, Hydrochloric acid - Other applications, Hydrochloric acid - Pathophysiology and pathology, Hydrochloric acid - Physiology, Hydrochloric acid - Pickling of steel, Hydrochloric acid - Production, Hydrochloric acid - Production of inorganic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Production of organic compounds, Hydrochloric acid - Regeneration of ion exchangers, Hydrochloric acid - Safety, Hydrochloric acid - pH control and neutralization, Chloride, inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid, Hydrochloride, organic salts of hydrochloric acid, Hydrogen chloride, the pure gas, of which hydrochloric acid is the solution, Hypochlorous acid, and its salt hypochlorite, Chlorous acid, and its salt chlorite, Chloric acid, and its salt chlorate, Perchloric acid, and its salt perchlorate | | |
| | | Hydrochloric acid: Encyclopedia II - Hydrochloric acid - History
Hydrochloric acid - History
Hydrochloric acid was first discovered around the year 800 by Arab-Yemeni alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), by mixing common salt with vitriol (sulfuric acid). Jabir discovered or invented many important chemicals, and wrote his findings in over 20 books, which carried his chemical knowledge of hydrochloric acid and other basic chemicals for hundreds of years. Jabir's invention of the gold-dissolving aqua regia, consisting of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, contributed to the effort of alchemists trying to find the philosopher's stone.
In the Middle Ages, hydrochloric acid was known to European alchemists as spirit of salt or acidum salis. Gaseous HCl was called marine acid air. The old (pre-systematic) name muriatic acid has the same origin (muriatic means "pertaining to brine or salt"), and this name is still sometimes used. Notable production was recorded by Basilius Valentinus, the alchemist-canon of the Benedictine priory Sankt Peter in Erfurt, Germany in the 15th century.
In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber from Karlstadt am Main, Germany used salt (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate, releasing hydrogen chloride gas. Joseph Priestley from Leeds, England prepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772, and in 1818 Humphry Davy from Penzance, England proved that the chemical composition included hydrogen and chlorine.
During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, demand for alkaline substances, such as soda ash increased, and the new industrial soda-process by Nicolas Leblanc (Issoundun, France) enabled cheap large-scale production. In the Leblanc process, salt is converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as a by-product. Until the Alkali Act of 1863, excess HCl was vented to the air. After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were obliged to absorb the waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale.
When early in the 20th century the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process without hydrochloric acid by-product, hydrochloric acid was already fully settled as an important chemical in numerous applications. The commercial interest initiated other production methods which are still used today, as described below. Today, most hydrochloric acid is made by absorbing hydrogen chloride from industrial organic compounds production.
Hydrochloric acid is listed as a Table II precursor under the 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances because of its use in the production of heroin and cocaine [1].
Other related archives15th century, 1772, 17th century, 1818, 1863, 1988, 20th century, 800, Acid, Akzo Nobel, Alkali Act, Arab, Basilius Valentinus, Benedictine, CFCs, Cation exchange, Chemical engineering, Chemical industry, Chloric acid, Chloride, Chlorous acid, Cl, Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Dangerous goods, Davy, Dow Chemical, EU classification, Erfurt, Germany, FMC, Freon, Georgia Gulf Corporation, Glauber, H, Humphry Davy, Hydrochloride, Hydrogen chloride, Hypochlorous acid, Industrial Revolution, Inorganic chemistry, Issoundun, France, Jabir ibn Hayyan, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), Johann Rudolf Glauber, Joseph Priestley, Karlstadt am Main, Germany, Leblanc process, Leeds, England, List of chemistry topics, List of inorganic compounds, MDI, Mannheim process, Middle Ages, Nicolas Leblanc, North Sea oil, PVC, Penzance, England, Perchloric acid, Phosgene, Pickling, Priestley, Risk and Safety Statements, Solvay process, TDI, Teflon, Tessenderlo, Tosoh Corporation, World War I, Yemeni, absorbed, achlorhydria, acid dissociation constant, acid-base reactions, activated carbon, alchemist, alkaline, alveolar, antacids, aqua regia, aqueous, ascorbic acid, aspartame, atoms, azeotrope, base, basic, basicity, battery, bisphenol A, bleach (NaClO), boiling, building, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, canon, capillary, carbonic acid, catalyst, chemical analysis, chemical reactions, chemical substance, chemical warfare, chlor-alkali, chlorate, chloride ion, chlorinated, chlorine, chlorite, citric acid, cleaning, cocaine, common salt, concentration, concentrations, conjugate base, construction, copper(II) oxide, corrosive, crystal, crystallization, demineralized, density, digestive fluid, dissociate, drinking water, electrolyzed, electroplating, epithelial, epithelium, eutectic, eutectic points, evaporation, exothermic, extrusion, ferrous chloride, flocculation, fluorinated, food, food additives, fructose, galvanizing, gastric acid, gastroenteritis, gelatin, heartburn, heavy-metal, heroin, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrolysis, hydronium, hypochlorhydria, hypochlorite, ice, industrial organic compounds production, ingredients, ingredients in food, inorganic, ion exchange resins, ions, iron, iron oxide, iron(III) chloride, leather, liquid, lumen, lung, lysine, melting points, membranes, metal, metals, molarity, monoprotic acid, mucus, mustard gas, neutralizing, nickel(II) chloride, nitric acid, oil production, oil well, organic, organic compounds, oven, oxidation-reduction, pH, paper, parietal cells, peptic ulcers, perchlorate, permanganate (KMnO4), pharmaceutical, philosopher's stone, physical properties, plastic, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polycarbonate, polyurethane, pressure, priory, production, protein, proton, proton pump inhibitors, pulmonary edema, reagent, rolling, rust, safety, salt, scientists, soda ash, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, solution, spent acid, steel, stomach, storage, strong acid, strong acids, sulfuric acid, swimming pool, systematic, temperature, tight junctions, titration, tonnes, transport, vapours, vinyl chloride, vitriol, wastewater treatment, water, zinc chloride
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "History", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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