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Hugo Chávez - Bolivarianism and Chavismo | | Hugo Chávez - Bolivarianism and Chavismo: Encyclopedia II - Hugo Chávez - Bolivarianism and Chavismo | | Chávez's version of Bolivarianism, although drawing heavily from Simón Bolívar's ideals, was also influenced by the writings of Marxist historian Federico Brito Figueroa. Chávez was also thoroughly steeped in the South American tradition of socialism and communism early in his life, such as that practiced by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Salvador Allende. Other key influences on Chávez's political philosophy include Ezequiel Zamora and Simón Rodríguez. Although Chávez himself refers to his ideology as "Boli ...
See also:Hugo Chávez, Hugo Chávez - Early life 1954–1992, Hugo Chávez - Coup attempt of 1992, Hugo Chávez - Political rise 1992–1999, Hugo Chávez - Presidency 1999–present, Hugo Chávez - 1999: Economic crisis and new constitution, Hugo Chávez - 2000–2001: Reelection and reform, Hugo Chávez - 2002: Coup and strike/lockout, Hugo Chávez - 2003–2004: Recall vote, Hugo Chávez - 2004–present: Focus on foreign relations, Hugo Chávez - Impact of Presidency, Hugo Chávez - Labor policy, Hugo Chávez - Economic policy, Hugo Chávez - Foreign policy, Hugo Chávez - Chávez and the media, Hugo Chávez - Bolivarianism and Chavismo, Hugo Chávez - Criticism, Hugo Chávez - Personal life and religion, Hugo Chávez - Titles and honors, Hugo Chávez - Notes | | | Hugo Chávez, Hugo Chávez - 1999: Economic crisis and new constitution, Hugo Chávez - 2000–2001: Reelection and reform, Hugo Chávez - 2002: Coup and strike/lockout, Hugo Chávez - 2003–2004: Recall vote, Hugo Chávez - 2004–present: Focus on foreign relations, Hugo Chávez - Bolivarianism and Chavismo, Hugo Chávez - Chávez and the media, Hugo Chávez - Coup attempt of 1992, Hugo Chávez - Criticism, Hugo Chávez - Early life 1954–1992, Hugo Chávez - Economic policy, Hugo Chávez - Foreign policy, Hugo Chávez - Impact of Presidency, Hugo Chávez - Labor policy, Hugo Chávez - Notes, Hugo Chávez - Personal life and religion, Hugo Chávez - Political rise 1992–1999, Hugo Chávez - Presidency 1999–present, Hugo Chávez - Titles and honors, Albert, M (2005), "Venezuela's Path", Z Communications [January 25, 2006]., Amnesty International (2005), "AI Summary Report 2005: Venezuela", AI [January 26, 2006]., BBC News (2004), "Venezuelan Audit Confirms Victory", BBC [January 25, 2006]., BBC News (2005), "Profile: Hugo Chávez", BBC News [January 25, 2006]., Blum, J (2005), "Chavez Pushes Petro-Diplomacy", The Washington Post [January 30, 2006]., Boudin, C, Chávez, H & Harnecker, Marta (2005), Understanding the Venezuelan Revolution: Hugo Chávez Talks to Marta Harnecker, Monthly Review Press, ISBN 1-58367-127-7., Burbach, R (2005), "Bush Versus Chavez", CounterPunch [January 26, 2006]., Byrne, J (2005), "Venezuela — Bolivarian Revolution", Foreign Correspondent [January 25, 2006]., Campbell, CJ (2005), "Newsletter No. 59: President Chavez Recognises Peak Oil", Association of the Study of Peak Oil and Gas [January 25, 2006]., Carter Center (2004), "Report on an Analysis of the Representativeness of the Second Audit Sample, and the Correlation between Petition Signers and the Yes Vote in the August 15, 2004 Presidential Recall Referendum in Venezuela", Carter Center [January 25, 2006]., Carter Center (2005), "Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report", Carter Center [January 25, 2006]., Center for Cooperative Research (2006), "Profile: Hugo Chavez Frias", CCR [January 26, 2006]., Chavez, H (2005), "Transcript: Hugo Chávez Interview", ABC News / Nightline [January 25, 2006]., Chavez, H (2005b), "Untitled Speech delivered at the Latino Pastoral Action Center in Bronx, New York City", Democracy Now! [January 21, 2006]., Chavez, H, Deutschmann, D & Salado, J (2004), Chávez: Venezuela and the New Latin America, Ocean Press, ISBN 1-92088-800-4., Chomsky, N (1998), Profit Over People, Seven Stories Press, ISBN 1-88836-382-7 [January 21, 2006]., Country Watch (2005), "Country Fact Sheet: Venezuela", International Finance Center (Yahoo! Finance) [January 21, 2006]., Diehl, J (2005), "Chavez's Censorship: Where 'Disrespect' Can Land You in Jail", The Washington Post [January 26, 2006]., DiJohn, J (2004), "The Political Economy of Economic Liberalisation in Venezuela", Crisis States Programme, Development Research Centre, LSE [January 21, 2006]., The Economist (2005), "Using Oil to Spread Revolution", The Economist [January 21, 2006]., Ellner, S & Hellinger, D (2004), Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization, and Conflict, Lynne Rienner, ISBN 1-58826-297-9., Ellner, S (2005), "Venezuela’s “Demonstration Effect”: Defying Globalization’s Logic", North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA) [January 26, 2006]., Ellsworth, B (2005), "Venezuela tries the worker-managed route", The New York Times [January 26, 2006]., El Pais (2004), "Condenan a tres militares y 27 colombianos", El Pais [January 26, 2006]. ((es)), Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (2005), "Parade Magazine's Chavez Smear: Venezuelan president a terrorist funder?", FAIR [January 26, 2006]., Golinger, E (2005), El Código Chávez: Descifrando la Intervención de los Estados Unidos en Venezuela, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, ISBN 9-59060-723-3., Gott, R (2001), In the Shadow of the Liberator: The Impact of Hugo Chávez on Venezuela and Latin America, Verso Books, ISBN 1-85984-365-4., Gott, R (2005), Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution, Verso Books, ISBN 1-84467-533-5 [January 21, 2006]., Gott, R (2005b), "Two fingers to America", The Guardian [January 21, 2006]. | | |
| | | Hugo Chávez: Encyclopedia II - Hugo Chávez - Bolivarianism and Chavismo
Hugo Chávez - Bolivarianism and Chavismo
Chávez's version of Bolivarianism, although drawing heavily from Simón Bolívar's ideals, was also influenced by the writings of Marxist historian Federico Brito Figueroa. Chávez was also thoroughly steeped in the South American tradition of socialism and communism early in his life, such as that practiced by Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and Salvador Allende. Other key influences on Chávez's political philosophy include Ezequiel Zamora and Simón Rodríguez. Although Chávez himself refers to his ideology as "Bolivarianismo" ("Bolivarianism"), Chávez's supporters and opponents in Venezuela refer to themselves as being either for or against "Chavismo", indicating a public perception that Chávez's political philosophy does not originate from Bolívar so much as from his own views. Thus, Chávez supporters refer to themselves not as "Bolivarians" or "Bolivarianists", but rather as "chavistas".
Later in his life, Chávez would acknowledge the role that democratic socialism (a form of socialism that emphasizes grassroots democratic participation) plays in Bolivarianism. For example, on January 30, 2005 at the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, Chávez declared his support for democratic socialism as integral to Bolivarianism, proclaiming that humanity must embrace "a new type of socialism, a humanist one, which puts humans, and not machines or the state, ahead of everything."[38] He later reiterated this sentiment in a February 26 speech at the 4th Summit on Social Debt held in Caracas.
The central points of Chávez's Bolivarianism are:[18]
| 1. |
Total Venezuelan sovereignty (anti-imperialism). |
| 2. |
Grassroots political participation via popular votes and referendums (participatory democracy). |
| 3. |
Comprehensive economic self-sufficiency (in food, consumer durables, et cetera). |
| 4. |
Instilling a national sentiment of patriotic service. |
| 5. |
Equitable distribution of Venezuela's vast oil revenues. |
| 6. |
Elimination of corruption. |
| 7. |
Elimination of puntofijismo by way of constitutional reforms.[39] |
Because his Bolivarianism relies on popular support, Chávez has made provision for grassroots and participatory democracy via the so-called "Bolivarian Circles". In 2000, Chávez authorized then-Vice President Diosdado Cabello to financially support such circles. The circles themselves were decentralized and autonomous from any central government or hierarchical overseeing, and were organized on the neighborhood and block level. The circles were charged with such tasks as neighborhood beautification, grassroots organizing and activism, lending support to small businesses, and charity work.[40] The circles reached a peak membership of 2.2 million in July 2003 and were instrumental in, among other things, urging voter approval of the 1999 Constitution and foiling the 2002 coup attempt with mass grassroots mobilization for pro-Chávez demonstrations.[41] However, their significance to Venezuelan politics has trailed off significantly since 2003, as most circles have effectively disbanded. Pro-Chávez Bolivarian circles are not exclusive to Venezuela—similar circles of supporters remain widespread in, for example, Germany, Austria, and France (where circles exist in Vienna, Tübingen, Bielefeld, and Paris). Circles are also found in Australia, Canada, and several other nations.
Other related archives1954, 1992, 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt of Hugo Chávez, 1992 coup d'état, 1998, 1998 presidential election, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2002 coup, 2003, 2004, 2004 recall referendum, 2005, Acción Democrática, African, Al-Jazeera, Aló, Presidente!, American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Congress, Amerindian, Amnesty International, April 11, April 13, April 16, April 3, April 9, Argentina, August 15, August 20, Australia, Austria, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, Banco Santander, Barinas, Beijing University, Bielefeld, Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas, Bolivarian Circles, Bolivarian Missions, Bolivarian Revolution, Bolivarianism, Brazil, CIA, CNE, CNN en Español, CTV, Canada, Caracas, Caracas Metro, Caribbean, Carlos Andrés Pérez, Carlos Ortega, Carter Center, Che Guevara, China, Citgo, Colombia, Colombians, Condoleezza Rice, Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela, Criticism of Hugo Chávez, Cuba, December 10, December 14, December 2, December 3, December 6, Diosdado Cabello, Dominican Republic, Don Quixote, Early life of Hugo Chávez, Elena Frías de Chávez, Enabling Act, ExxonMobil, Ezequiel Zamora, February 2, February 26, February 4, Fedecámaras, Federico Brito Figueroa, Fidel Castro, Fifth Republic Movement, Foreign policy of Hugo Chávez, Fourth Summit of the Americas, France, Free Trade Area of the Americas, GDP, George W. Bush, Germany, Global South, Gulf War, Haiti, Haitian, Herma Marksman, Hu Jintao, Hubbert peak theory, Hugo de los Reyes Chávez, Human Rights Watch, Hurricane Katrina, IPA, India, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, International Criminal Court, International Labour Organization, Iran, January 19, January 30, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Jesus, Jews, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Juan Velasco, July 25, July 28, July 30, June 8, Kyung Hee University, Latin American, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Mar del Plata, Maracaibo, Maracay, March 4, March 9, Marisabel Rodríguez de Chávez, Marxist, Massachusetts, May 14, May 15, May 24, May 9, Media representation of Hugo Chávez, Mercosur, Mexico City, Military career of Hugo Chávez, Miraflores, Mission Barrio Adentro, Mission Guaicaipuro, Mission Miranda, Mission Ribas, Mission Robinson, Mission Sucre, Mission Vuelta al Campo, NATO, Nancy Colmenares, National Assembly, National Electoral Council, Nestor Kirchner, November 10, November 13, November 25, November 7, OAS, OPEC, October 12, October 16, October 20, October 6, PDVSA, Pan-Americanist, Paris, Pedro Carmona, People's Republic of China, Personal life of Hugo Chávez, Peruvian, PetroCaribe, Petróleos de Venezuela, Porto Alegre, President, Protestant, Rafael Caldera, Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200, Roman, Roman Catholic, Roman numeral, Rosa Inés Chávez, Russian Federation, Sabaneta, Saddam Hussein, Salvador Allende, Simon Wiesenthal Center, Simón Bolívar, Simón Bolívar University, Simón Rodríguez, South Korea, Spanish, Summit of the Americas, Telesur, Tübingen, United Nations, United States foreign policy, University of Brazil, Univision, V, Valencia, Venezolana de Televisión, Venezuela, Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences, Venezuelan Constitution, Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002, Venezuelan presidential election, 1998, Venezuelan presidential election, 2000, Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004, Vicente Fox, Vienna, Washington Consensus, World Social Forum, anti-imperialism, antisemitic, auditing, authoritarian, barter, bicameral, blacklists, capital flight, carnosity, censorship, charisma, chavistas, colloquialisms, constitutions, corruption, counter-insurgency, coup d'état, crimes against humanity, demagogue, democratic socialism, distributive, economic development, elected President in 1998, electoral fraud, engineering, ex gratia, foreign direct investment, foreign policy, free market, globalization, head of state, healthcare system, higher education, human rights violations, humanist, humanistic, humanitarian aid, hydrocarbon, ideologue, income redistribution, inflation, insurgents, iris, kleptocracy, left, leftist, liberator, middle class, militarist, military science, nationalist, nationalized, neocolonialism, neoliberal, neoliberalism, paramilitary, participatory democracy, patriotic, patronage, pendejo, political prisoners, political repression, political science, poverty, privatizing, propaganda, puntofijismo, putative 2004 coup attempt, reelected in 2000, ribald, rule by decree, sanctions, severely criticized, social justice, social welfare, socialist, speech at the 2005 UN World Summit, strike, terrorists, torture, trade union, unicameral, upper classes, was reelected, working class
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Bolivarianism and Chavismo", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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