 | History of the Jews in Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Spain - Modern times 1858-
History of the Jews in Spain - Modern times 1858-
When Spain got a new Constitution in 1868, Jews once again were permitted to tread once more upon Spanish soil, but the edict of expulsion was not repealed until 1968. Small numbers of Jews started to arrive in Spain in the 19th century, and synagogues were opened in Madrid and Barcelona. The Jews of Morocco, where the initial welcome had turned to oppression as centuries passed by, had welcomed the Spanish troops conquering Spanish Morocco as their liberators. Spanish historians started to interest about the Sephardi and their Spanish dialect.
The government of Miguel Primo de Rivera decreed the right to Spanish citizenship of Sephardim.
During World War II the neutrality of Francoist Spain, in spite of the rhetoric against the "Judaeo-Masonic conspiracy", allowed 25,600 Jews to use the country as an escape route from the European theater of war, as long as they "passed through leaving no trace". Furthermore, Spanish diplomats such as Ángel Sanz Briz and Giorgio Perlasca protected some 4,000 Jews and accepted 2,750 Jewish refugees from Hungary.
History of the Jews in Spain - Spain and Israel
Francoist Spain did not establish diplomatic relations with the new state of Israel. Israel, in turn, opposed the admission of Spain into the United Nations as a friend of Nazi Germany. Spain cultivated the relations with Arab countries, but also assisted Moroccan and Egyptian Jews against pogroms. The later Israeli ambassador Shlomo Ben Ami still remembers the Spanish Legion escorting his family out of Tangiers towards Israeli ships anchored in Ceuta. During the Spanish transition to democracy, the recognition of Israel was one of the issues of modernization.
The UCD governments were divided. They did not want to risk the Arab friendship (Canarian independentism could find support among them) and subjected the establishment to the beginning of a durable solution of the Israeli-Arab conflict. The discovery of ETA members receiving training in camps of Palestinian militias diminished the sympathy of the Spanish government towards their cause. After years of negotiations, the PSOE government of Felipe González established relations with Israel in 1986, denying links between relations and the admission of Spain into the European Economic Community. Spain tries to serve as a bridge between Israel and the Arabs as seen in the Madrid Conference of 1991.
History of the Jews in Spain - Modern Jewish community
The Federación de Comunidades Israelitas de España is the central body for the Jews in Spain, and Jewish day schools exist in Barcelona, Madrid, and Málaga. There are around 14,000 Jews in Spain today. Melilla maintains an old community of Moroccan Jews. Some famous Spaniards of Jewish descent are the businesswomen Alicia and Esther Koplowitz and the politician Enrique Múgica Herzog.
For information on Jews of Spanish descent, see Sephardi.
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