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History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600 | | History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600 | | In Europe at the dawn of the Renaissance, most of what is now called school mathematics -- addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and geometry -- was known to educated people, though the notation was cumbersome: Roman numerals and words were used, but no symbols: no plus sign, no equal sign, no zero, and no use of x as an unknown. Almost all of the mathematics now taught in college had yet to be d ...
See also:History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes | | | History of mathematics, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes | | |
| | | History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600
History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600
In Europe at the dawn of the Renaissance, most of what is now called school mathematics -- addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and geometry -- was known to educated people, though the notation was cumbersome: Roman numerals and words were used, but no symbols: no plus sign, no equal sign, no zero, and no use of x as an unknown. Almost all of the mathematics now taught in college had yet to be discovered, or was known only to the small and isolated mathematical community in India.
Contact with Islamic scholars brought to Europe knowledge of the Hindu-Arabic numerals. In the 12th century Robert of Chester translated Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah into Latin. The works of Aristotle were rediscovered, first in Arabic and later in Greek. Of particular importance to the development of mathematics was the rediscovery of a collection of Aristotle's logical writing, compiled in the 1st century, known as the Organon.
The reawakened desire for new knowledge sparked a renewed interest in mathematics. Fibonacci, in the early 13th century, produced the first original mathematics in Europe since the time of Eratosthenes, a gap of more than a thousand years. But it was only from the 16th century that European mathematicians began to make advances without precedent anywhere in the world, so far as is known today.
The first of these was the general solution of cubic equations, generally credited to Scipione del Ferro circa 1510, but first published in Cardan's Ars magna. It was quickly followed by Lodovico Ferrai's solution of the general quartic equation.
From this point on, mathematical discovery came swiftly, and combined with advances in science, to their mutual benefit. In the landmark year 1543, Copernicus published De revolutionibus, asserting that the Earth traveled around the Sun, and Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica, treating the human body as a collection of organs.
By century's end, thanks to Regiomontanus (1436 - 1476) and François Vieta (1540 - 1603), among others, mathematics and science was written using Hindu-Arabic numerals and in a form not too different from the elegent symbolism used today.
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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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