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History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200 | | History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200 | | In China, in 212 BC, the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (Shi Huang-ti) commanded that all books be burned. While this order was not universally obeyed, it means that little is known with certainty about ancient Chinese mathematics. Another problem is that the Chinese wrote on bamboo, a perishable medium.
Dating from the Shang period (1500 BC - 1027 BC), the earliest extant Chinese mathematics consists of numbers scratched on tortoise shell. These numbers use a decimal system, so that the number 123 is written (from top to bottom) as the symbol ...
See also:History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes | | | History of mathematics, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes | | |
| | | History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200
History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200
Main article: Chinese mathematics
In China, in 212 BC, the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (Shi Huang-ti) commanded that all books be burned. While this order was not universally obeyed, it means that little is known with certainty about ancient Chinese mathematics. Another problem is that the Chinese wrote on bamboo, a perishable medium.
Dating from the Shang period (1500 BC - 1027 BC), the earliest extant Chinese mathematics consists of numbers scratched on tortoise shell. These numbers use a decimal system, so that the number 123 is written (from top to bottom) as the symbol for 1 followed by the symbol for a hundred, then the symbol for 2 followed by the symbol for ten, then the symbol for 3. This was the most advanced number system in the world at the time, and allowed calculations to be carried out on the suan pan or Chinese abacus. The date of the invention of the suan pan isn't certain but the earliest written reference was in AD 190 in the Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures written by Xu Yue. The suan pan was most likely in use earlier than this date.
From the 12th century BC, the oldest mathematical work to survive the book burning is the I Ching, which uses the 64 permutations of a solid or broken line for philosophical or mystical purposes.
After the book burning, the Han dynasty (206 BC - AD 221) produced works of mathematics which presumably expand on works that are now lost. The most important of these is The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. It consists of 246 word problems, involving agriculture, business, and engineering, and includes material on right triangles and on pi.
In the thousand years following the Han dynasty, starting in the Tang dynasty and ending in the Sung dynasty, Chinese mathematics thrived at a time when Europen mathematics did not exist. Discoveries first made in China, and only much later known in the West, include negative numbers, the binomial theorem, matrix methods for solving systems of linear equations, and the Chinese remainder theorem. They were also one of the first to discover Pascal's triangle and the rule of three.
Even after European mathematics began to flourish during the Renaissance, European and Chinese mathematics were separate traditions, with Chinese mathematics in decline, until the Jesuit missionaries in the 18th century carried mathematical ideas back and forth between the two cultures.
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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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