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History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC | | History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC | | The earliest known mathematics in ancient India dates back to 3000 BC with the Indus Valley civilization. After its collapse in 1700 BC however, writing was absent in South Asia for a long period. There is considerable controversy regarding the dates when writing was re-developed in India and when the Brahmi script was developed.[5] Some scholars, such as Georg Bühler, date the Brahmi script as early as the 8th century BC, others from the Maurya dynasty in the 4th century BC. Some evidence dates it to 600 BC (see Brāhmī), while some schol ...
See also:History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes | | | History of mathematics, History of mathematics - 17th century, History of mathematics - 18th century, History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arabic and Persian mathematics 650 - 1500, History of mathematics - Chinese mathematics 200 BC - AD 1200, History of mathematics - Classical Indian mathematics 200 BC - AD 1600, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - European Renaissance mathematics 1200 - 1600, History of mathematics - Greek and Hellenistic mathematics 550 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes | | |
| | | History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC
History of mathematics - Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC
Main article: Indian mathematics
The earliest known mathematics in ancient India dates back to 3000 BC with the Indus Valley civilization. After its collapse in 1700 BC however, writing was absent in South Asia for a long period. There is considerable controversy regarding the dates when writing was re-developed in India and when the Brahmi script was developed.[5] Some scholars, such as Georg Bühler, date the Brahmi script as early as the 8th century BC, others from the Maurya dynasty in the 4th century BC. Some evidence dates it to 600 BC (see Brāhmī), while some scholars even suggest 1000 BC.[6] If the earlier dates are correct, it is possible that Pythagoras traveled to India and learnt mathematics there, as some have claimed (such as Florian Cajori). If the later date is correct, then Indian mathematics may have benefited from contact with Greece following the invasion of Alexander. It is also likely that the two mathematical traditions developed independently.
After the Iron Age began, the progress of Indian mathematics has been fairly continuous until the 16th century AD, but it can be divided into roughly two periods of development. This section summarizes the period between 800 BC and 200 BC, when Indian mathematics wasn't studied for the sole purpose of science, but there are still advanced mathematics scattered throughout a large body of Indian texts from this period. Many of these however, are of uncertain date and authorship, and did not follow a serious mathematical tradition.
The Yajur-Veda composed by 900 BC, first explained the concept of numeric infinity. Yajnavalkya (circa 900-600 BC) computed the value of π to 2 decimal places. The Sulba Sutras (circa 800-600 BC) were geometry texts that first used irrational numbers, prime numbers, the rule of three, cube roots, computed the square root of 2 to five decimal places, gave the method of squaring the circle, used quadratic equations, solved linear equations, discovered Pythagorean triples algebraically, and gave a numerical proof of the Pythagorean theorem.
The linguist Panini formulated the grammar rules for Sanskrit in the 5th century BC. His notation was similar to modern mathematical notation, and used metarules, transformations, and recursions with such sophistication that his grammar had the computing power equivalent to a Turing machine. Panini's work is also the forerunner to modern formal language theory, while the Panini-Backus form used by most modern programming languages is also significantly similar to Panini's grammar rules. Pingala (4th-3rd century BC) invented the binary number system, Fibonacci series and Pascal's triangle, and also used a dot to denote zero and described the formation of a matrix. The works of Panini and Pingala were foundational to the development of computing.
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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Ancient Indian mathematics 800 BC - 200 BC", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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