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History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales | | History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales: Encyclopedia II - History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales | | When the Roman garrison of Britain was withdrawn in 410, the various states within Wales were left self-governing. One of the reasons for the Roman withdrawal was the pressure put upon the empire's military resources by the incursion of barbarian tribes from the east. These tribes, including the Angles and Saxons, were unable to make inroads into Wales, but they gradually conquered eastern and southern Britain (which then became England), leaving Wales cut off from her Celtic relations in Scotland, Cornwall and Cumbria. Wales became Christia ...
See also:History of Wales, History of Wales - Prehistoric Wales, History of Wales - Wales under the Romans, History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales, History of Wales - Wales and the Normans, History of Wales - Annexation, History of Wales - From the Union to the Industrial Revolution, History of Wales - The Nineteenth Century, History of Wales - The Twentieth Century, History of Wales - The Twenty-first Century | | | History of Wales, History of Wales - Annexation, History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales, History of Wales - From the Union to the Industrial Revolution, History of Wales - Prehistoric Wales, History of Wales - The Nineteenth Century, History of Wales - The Twentieth Century, History of Wales - The Twenty-first Century, History of Wales - Wales and the Normans, History of Wales - Wales under the Romans, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival, Welsh Methodist revival, Wales, Welsh Uprising of 1211, Welsh Uprising of 1282, British military history, History of the United Kingdom | | |
| | | History of Wales: Encyclopedia II - History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales
History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales
When the Roman garrison of Britain was withdrawn in 410, the various states within Wales were left self-governing. One of the reasons for the Roman withdrawal was the pressure put upon the empire's military resources by the incursion of barbarian tribes from the east. These tribes, including the Angles and Saxons, were unable to make inroads into Wales, but they gradually conquered eastern and southern Britain (which then became England), leaving Wales cut off from her Celtic relations in Scotland, Cornwall and Cumbria. Wales became Christian, and the "age of the saints" (approximately 500–700) was marked by the establishment of monastic settlements throughout the country, by religious leaders such as Saint David, Illtud and Teilo.
Wales was divided into a number of separate kingdoms, the largest of these being Gwynedd in north-west Wales, Powys in east Wales and (from the mid 10th century, Deheubarth in the south-west. Gwynedd was the most powerful of these kingdoms in the 6th and 7th centuries, under rulers such as Maelgwn Gwynedd (died 547) and Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634) who was able to lead his armies as far as Northumbria and control it for a period.
Powys as the easternmost of the major kingdoms of Wales came under the most pressure from the English. This kingdom originally extended eastwards into areas now in England, and its ancient capital. Pengwern was on the site of modern Shrewsbury. These areas were lost to the kingdom of Mercia. The construction of the earthwork known as Offa's Dyke usually attributed to Offa, King of Mercia in the 8th century may have marked an agreed border.
For a single man to rule the whole country at this period was rare. This is often ascribed to the inheritance system practised in Wales. All sons received an equal share of their father's property (including illegitimate sons), resulting in the dividion of territories. However the Welsh laws prescribe this system of division for land in general, not for kingdoms, where there is provision for an edling or heir to the kingdom to be chosen, usually by the king. Any son, legitimate or illegitimate, could be chosen as edling and there were frequently disappointed candidates prepared to challenge the chosen heir.
The first to rule a considerable part of Wales was Rhodri Mawr, originally king of Gwynedd, during the 9th century who was able to extend his rule to Powys and Ceredigion. Rhodri's grandson, Hywel Dda, formed the kingdom of Deheubarth by joining smaller kingdoms in the south-west and later extended his rule to most of Wales, drawing up a standard legal system and brought peace to the country. On his death in 950 his sons were able to keep control of Deheubarth but lost control of Gwynedd to the traditional dynasty of this kingdom.
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was the next ruler to be able to unite most of the Welsh kingdoms under his rule, and by the mid 11th century he was king of almost all of Wales. However he was defeated by Harold Godwinson in 1063 and his territories were again divided into the traditional kingdoms.
Other related archives1066, 10th century, 11th century, 1282, 1283, 1301, 1400, 1485, 14th century, 1588, 1731, 17th century, 1826, 1830s, 1831, 1839, 1880s, 1890s, 18th century, 1900, 1904-1905 Welsh Revival, 1925, 1936, 1955, 1962, 1966, 1997, 19th century, 410, 500, 700, 8th century, 9th century, Aberfan, Abergele, Aberystwyth, Angles, Anglesey, Anglican, Anglicanism, Barclodiad y Gawres, Basques, Battle of Bosworth, Battle of Crug Mawr, Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, Boadicea, Brigantes, Britannia Prima, Britannia Superior, British military history, Bronze Age, Bryn Celli Ddu, Cadwallon ap Cadfan, Caerwent, Caius Suetonius Paulinus, Capel Celyn, Caratacus, Cardiff, Carmarthenshire, Celtic languages, Celts, Ceredigion, Charles I of England, Chartist, Christian, Church of England, Cilmeri, Cornwall, Cumbria, Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, Cymru Fydd, D. J. Williams, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Dafydd ap Gwilym, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Daniel Rowland, David Lloyd George, Deceangli, Deheubarth, Early Bronze Age, Edward I of England, England, England and Wales, First World War, Free Wales Army, Glamorgan, Gloucester, Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Government of Wales Act, Gower Peninsula, Great Orme, Griffith Jones (Llanddowror), Gruffydd ap Cynan, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, Gruffydd ap Rhys, Gwent, Gwynedd, Gwynfor Evans, Harold Godwinson, Henry IV of England, Henry VII of England, Henry VIII of England, History of the United Kingdom, Howell Harris, Hywel Dda, Ice age, Iestyn ab Gwrgant, Illtud, Industrial Revolution, Ireland, Iron Age, John Frost, John Jones Maesygarnedd, Keir Hardie, Labour, Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542, Lewis Valentine, Liberal Party, Liverpool, Lleyn peninsula, Llyn Cerrig Bach, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Ludlow, Machynlleth, Madog ap Maredudd, Maelgwn Gwynedd, Mercia, Merthyr Tydfil, Mesolithic, Millennium Stadium, Morgan Llwyd, Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru, Neolithic, Newport, Nonconformism, Norman, Northumbria, Offa, Offa's Dyke, Ordovices, Owain Gwynedd, Owen Glendower, Paleolithic, Pen Dinas, Pengwern, Penyberth, Plaid Cymru, Powys, Presbyterian Church of Wales, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Publius Ostorius Scapula, Pwllheli, Rebecca Riots, Red Lady of Paviland, Rhodri Mawr, Rhondda, Rhys ap Gruffydd, Rhys ap Tewdwr, Richard III of England, Robert Fitzhamon, Roman, Saint David, Saunders Lewis, Saxons, Scotland, Second World War, Sextus Julius Frontinus, Shrewsbury, Silures, Statute of Rhuddlan, Sunday schools, T. E. Ellis, Teilo, Trahaearn ap Caradog, Tre'r Ceiri, Treachery of the Blue Books, Turnpike, United Kingdom, Wales, Wales Millennium Centre, Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Welsh, Welsh Assembly, Welsh Church Act 1914, Welsh Methodist revival, Welsh language, Welsh laws, Western Europe, William Fitz Osbern, William Morgan, William Williams Pantycelyn, bronze, chambered tombs, chariots, copper, devolution, disestablishment, gold, government, hanging, drawing and quartering, human, industrialisation, ivory, limestone, mammoth, national autonomy, new town, nonconformity, red ochre, shells, skeleton, steel, stone age, twentieth century, votive offerings
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Early Mediaeval Wales", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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