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History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement | | History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement | | For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland.
People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000 – 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice ...
See also:History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland | | | History of Scotland, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, Historic Sites in Scotland, Kings of Scotland, Kings of Scotland family tree, UK topics, History of England, History of the United Kingdom, Timeline of Scottish history | | |
| | | History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement
History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement
For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland.
People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000 – 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC.
Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an example at Cramond near Edinburgh to around 8500 BC. Numerous other sites found around Scotland build up a picture of highly mobile boat-using people making tools from bone, stone and antlers.
Neolithic farming brought permanent settlements, and the wonderfully well-preserved stone house at Knap of Howar on Papa Westray dating from 3500 BC predates by about 500 years the village of similar houses at Skara Brae on the Mainland of the Orkney Islands. The settlers introduced chambered cairn tombs from around 3500 BC (Maeshowe offers a prime example), and from about 3000 BC the many standing stones and circles such as the Ring of Brodgar on Orkney and Callanish on Lewis. These form part of the Europe-wide Megalithic culture which also produced Stonehenge in Wiltshire, and which pre-historians now interpret as showing sophisticated use of astronomical observations.
The cairns and Megalithic monuments continued into the Bronze age, and hill forts started to appear, such as Eildon hill near Melrose in the Scottish Borders, which goes back to around 1000 BC and which accommodated several hundred houses on a fortified hilltop.
Brythonic Celtic culture and language spread into Scotland at some time after the 8th century BC, possibly through cultural contact rather than through mass invasion, and systems of kingdoms developed.
From around 700 BC the Iron age brought numerous hill forts, brochs and fortified settlements which support the image of quarrelsome tribes and petty kingdoms later recorded by the Romans, though evidence that at times occupants neglected the defences might suggest that symbolic power had as much significance as warfare.
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 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Prehistoric settlement", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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