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Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan - Politics and economics. Main articles: Organization of state under Genghis Khan, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]< ...

Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire

Main articles: Mongol Empire, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

Genghis Khan - Politics and economics

Main articles: Organization of state under Genghis Khan, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

The Mongol Empire was governed by civilian and military code, called the Yassa. An interesting aspect of Mongol Empire was it did not emphasize the importance of biological and cultural ethnicity and race among nomadic groups, with the exception of Genghis Khan stating that his subsequent Khans be his direct descendents and later some Mongol elites start to exploit the upper seats. Therefore the Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires considering the size with many people inhabiting and considering themselves as Mongols in the civilian life and military with many Turks, Chinese, Mongols, Arabs, Russians, Europeans and others. There were to some degree ideals such as meritocracy among the Mongols and allied nomadic people in military and civilian life. There were tax exemptions for intellectuals like teachers and doctors.

The Mongol Empire linked together the previously fractured Silk Road states under one system and was open to some degree to trade and cultural exchange, although the Mongol conquests led to a collapse of many of the ancient trading cities of Central Asia that resisted invasion. In some instances taxes were heavy and conquered people were used as forced labor in those regions. Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women [1]; however, there is no contemporary evidence of this or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Modern scholars refer to this policy of trade and communication as the concept of Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).

Genghis Khan - Military

Main articles: Military advances of Genghis Khan, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

Genghis Khan made advances in military disciplines, such as mobility, psychological warfare, intelligence, military autonomy, and tactics.

Genghis Khan built a highly efficient army with remarkable discipline, dedication, loyalty and military intelligence. More specificaly the Mongol armies were known for their strict discipline, good weapons and the mobility when mounted on their fast and tough horses. Also he refused to divide his troops into different ethnic enclaves, instead creating a sense of unity, and he punished even small infractions against discipline severely. He also divided his armies into a number of smaller groups based on the decimal system, taking advantage of the superb mobility of his mounted archers to attack their enemies on several fronts simultaneously. Genghis Khan expected unwavering loyalty from his generals and gave them free rein in battles and wars. Muqali, a trusted general, was given command over Mongol forces over Jin while Genghis Khan was fighting in central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to use any means to defeat the Russians.

Another important aspect in the military organization of Genghis Khan is the communications and supply point facet or Yam, to which he himself dedicated a special attention.

Military generals and strategists who served Genghis Khan, such as Subutai and Jebe, played considerable roles in the practicalities of the war, using a hands-on approach. These generals were purely chosen as part of a meritocracy, as none of them were from the direct family line of Genghis. Genghis Khan did not as a general rule trust his relatives to command large number of troops for larger campaigns, and so he did not allow them to command significant numbers of soldiers.

Jebe - (nickname meaning "the Arrow"), was was one of the four "dogs of war". After surrendering to Temujin, Jebe made several accomplishments, including destroying Kuchlug's Kara-Khitai and defeating the Kievan Rus' in several battles, expanding the Mongol Empire considerably.

Subutai - He was one of the four "dogs of war". One of the most prominent generals from the others, a brilliant strategist and good friend of Genghis Khan and his sons, he accompanied Jebe in his battles against Kara-Khitai and the Kievan Rus' and in the conquest of eastern and central Europe after Genghis Khan with his grandson Batu Khan.

Muqali - Joined before the defeat of Jamuqa. One of the four "talented men" of Genghis Khan. Made the general of left-wing tumen. During Genghis Khan's conquest of Khwarezmid Empire, Muqali was the supreme commander of all Mongol forces in Jin China.

Borchu - One of the four "talented men" of Genghis Khan, Borchu joined as one of the earliest generals of Genghis Khan. He was made the general of right-wing tumen and was revered as a tough commander with great leadership skills.