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Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument

Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument

One notices a white swan, from this one can conclude: At least one swan is white. From this, one may wish to infer that: All swans are white. However, to prove this, one must find all the swans in the world and verify that they are white. As it turns out, not all swans are white. By finding a black swan, one has falsified the statement all swans are white; it is not true. ...

See also:

Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Theism, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Physical laws

Falsifiability, Falsifiability - Conspiracy theories, Falsifiability - Criticism, Falsifiability - Economics, Falsifiability - Ethics, Falsifiability - Falsificationism, Falsifiability - Formal logical arguments, Falsifiability - From scientists, Falsifiability - Historicism, Falsifiability - Mathematics, Falsifiability - Naïve falsification, Falsifiability - Physical laws, Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument, Falsifiability - Solipsism, Falsifiability - Some examples, Falsifiability - The criterion of demarcation, Falsifiability - Theism, Cognitive bias, Defeasible reasoning, Duhem-Quine thesis, Fallibilism, Obsolete scientific theories, Occam's Razor, Philosophy of mathematics, Philosophy of science, Predictive power

Falsifiability: Encyclopedia II - Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument



Falsifiability - Popper's swan argument

One notices a white swan, from this one can conclude:

At least one swan is white.

From this, one may wish to infer that:

All swans are white.

However, to prove this, one must find all the swans in the world and verify that they are white.

As it turns out, not all swans are white. By finding a black swan, one has falsified the statement all swans are white; it is not true.

Other related archives

1930s, Alan Sokal, Aristotelian mechanics, Arkansas, Carnap, Cartesian scepticism, Cognitive bias, Cosmology, Defeasible reasoning, Duhem, Duhem-Quine thesis, Einstein, Epistemology, Ernest Gellner, Essence of Decision, Fallibilism, Fashionable Nonsense, Galileo, General Relativity, God, Graham T. Allison, Hans Reichenbach, Imre Lakatos, Inductivist, Isaac Newton, Logicians, Marxism, Maxwell, Mercury, Michelson-Morley experiment, Moritz Schlick, Newtonian mechanics, Obsolete scientific theories, Occam's Razor, Otto Neurath, Paul Feyerabend, Philosophy of mathematics, Philosophy of science, Popper, Popper's, Predictive power, Psychoanalytic, Roman Catholic Church, Rudolf Carnap, Scientific laws, Sir Karl Popper, Steven Weinberg, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn, Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Universe, Vienna Circle, W. V. Quine, William Overton, a posteriori, ad hoc, argument from design, arguments for the existence of God, astrology, black swan, closed circle, consistency, conspiracy theories, counterexamples, creation science, criterion of demarcation, cyclotron, economics, empiricism, existential statements, falsification, general relativity, history, ideology, in denial, laws of motion, logical empiricism, luminiferous ether, macroevolution, methodology of science, modus tollens, moons of Jupiter, morality, natural theology, necessarily true, nominalist, non-cognitivism, nontheism, observation, parabolic, paradigm, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, political scientist, politics, problem of induction, proposition, psychoanalysis, public schools, rational expectations, science, scientific, scientists, sexual orientation, singular existential statements, social scientists, sociologists, solipsism, special relativity, tautologies, the verifiability theory of meaning, theism, theorems, theory, universal, universal statements, utility, vacuum, world



Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Popper's swan argument", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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