Espionage: Encyclopedia - Espionage

Espionage

Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for military, political, or economic advantage. It is usually thought of as part of an institutional effort (i.e., governmental or corporate intelligence). The definition has been restricted to a state spying on potential or actual enemies, primarily for military purposes, but this has been extended to spying involving corporations, known specifically as industrial espionage. Many nations routinely spy on both their enemies, and allies, although they maintain a policy of not making comment on this. Black's Law Dictionary (1990) defines espionage as: "...gathering, transmitting, or losing...information related to the national defense."

A spy is an agent employed to obtain such secrets. The term intelligence officer is also used to describe a member of the armed forces, police officer or civilian intelligence agency who specialises in the gathering, fusion and analysis of information and intelligence in order to provide advice to their government or another organisation.

Incidents of espionage are well documented throughout history. The writings of Sun-Tzu contains information on deception and subversion. The ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well. More recently, they played a significant part in Elizabethan England (see Francis Walsingham). Feudal Japan often used ninja to gather intelligence. Many modern espionage methods were already then well established.[1]

Espionage, when performed by a citizen of the target state, is generally considered to be a form of treason. In many countries espionage is a crime punishable by death or life imprisonment. For example, espionage is still a capital crime in the USA; however, the death penalty is rarely used in espionage cases in the U.S. See Espionage Act.

In a person who owed allegiance to the British Crown who spied for a foreign country would face a maximum life sentence for treason if it could be proved they were aiding Britain's enemies. In fact a foreign spy may also be prosecuted for treason because temporary allegiance to the Crown is owed by everyone voluntarily in Britain except lawful enemy combatants.

Spying for proscribed terrorist organisations violates the Terrorism Act 2000. During the Second World War German spies in Britain were executed for treachery, a special offense covering any aid given to the enemy, including by foreign nationals.

The Cold War involved intense espionage activity between the United States of America and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and their allies, particularly related to nuclear weapons secrets. Recently, espionage agencies have targeted the illegal drug trade and those considered to be terrorists.

Espionage - Noteworthy incidents in the history of espionage

• Betrayal of Joan of Arc by English-serving spy Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais
• Daniel Defoe spies for England in Edinburgh, assisting in the bribery scandal which led to the Treaty of Union 1707
• Benedict Arnold's West Point betrayal conspiracy
• Patriot Kelsie DeNooy leaks British invasion plan to General Washington
• 1870s — infiltration of U.S. labor unions by Pinkerton National Detective Agency
• 1940s — Double Cross System British capture of German spy network in Britain in WWII
• 1940s — transfer of U.S. nuclear weapons secrets in the Rosenberg Case
• 1940s–1950s — Cambridge Five Soviet spy ring in U.K. during and after WWII
• 1961 — failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion
• 1968–1985 — Walker spy ring sold U.S. KL-7 codes to Soviets
• 1970s–1990s — alleged Chinese theft of American nuclear weapons designs (See Cox Report)
• 2005 — Leandro Aragoncillo indicted as part of what the FBI refers to as the first case in history of espionage from within the White House

Espionage - Spies in various conflicts

• American Civil War spies
• Category:World War I espionage
• Category:World War II espionage
• Cold War espionage

Espionage - Espionage organizations

• Argentina: SIDE, DNIC, DNIEM, J-2, SIE, SIN, SIFA, SIPF, SIGN, SIPN, SIPSA
• Australia: DSD, ASIO, ASIS, ONA, DIO
• Canada: CSIS, CSE
• Cuba: DGI, Military intelligence, others [CI]
• France: RG, DST
• Germany: BND
• India: RAW, IB, JIC, DIA
• Israel: Mossad
• Italy: SISMI, SISDE
• Pakistan: ISI
• Netherlands: AIVD
• New Zealand: NZSIS
• South Africa: NIA, SASS, SANDF-ID
• Soviet Union: SVR, (formerly KGB external reconnaissance and predecessor names); Soviet Military Intelligence GRU
• UK: MI5, MI6, GCHQ, Special Branch
• USA: CIA, DIA, NSA, NRO

Espionage - Espionage technology and techniques

• ECHELON
• Agent Handling
• Black Bag Operations
• Concealment device
• Cryptography
• Cut-out
• Dead drop
• Eavesdropping
• False flag operations
• Honey trap
• Interrogation
• Nonofficial cover - NOC
• One Time Pad
• One Way Voice Link
• Steganography
• Surveillance
• TEMPEST — Protection devices for communication equipment.

Espionage - Spy fiction

Since not much is publicly known about real-life secret agents, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. Similar to the character of the private eye, the secret agent is usually a loner, sometimes amoral, an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. James Bond, the protagonist of Ian Fleming's novels who went on to spawn an extremely successful film franchise, is probably the most famous fictional secret agent of all. Another is the boy spy Alex Rider, created by Anthony Horowitz, Rider is said to be useful due to his youth.

Spy Fiction has also become prevalent in video gaming, where the "wetworks" aspect of espionage is highlighted. Game situations typically involve agents sent into enemy territory for purposes of subversion. These depictions are more action-oriented than would be typical in most cases of espionage, and they tend to focus on infiltration rather than information-gathering. Some examples are Metal Gear and Splinter Cell.

Espionage - Reference

Espionage - Surveys

• Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (1996)
• Black, Ian. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services (1992)
• Bungert, Heike et al eds. Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (2003) essays by scholars
• Friedman, George. America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies (2005), since 9-11
• Kahn, David The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (1996), 1200 pages
• Knightley, Philip. The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century (1986)
• Lerner, K. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security (2003), 1100 pages. 850 articles, strongest on technology
• O'Toole, George. Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA (1991)
• Owen, David. Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It (2002), popular
• Richelson, Jeffery T. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (1997)
• Richelson, Jeffery T. The U.S. Intelligence Community (4th ed. 1999)
• Smith Jr., W. Thomas. Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency (2003), popular
• West, Nigel. MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909-1945 (1983)
• West, Nigel. Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization (1992)
• Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (1962)

Espionage - World War I

• Beesly, Patrick. Room 40. (1982). Covers the breaking of German codes by RN intelligence, including the Turkish bribe, Zimmermann telegram, and failure at Jutland.
• Kahn, David. The Codebreakers. (1996). Covers the breaking of Russian codes and the victory at Tannenberg.
• May, Ernest (ed.) Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1984)
• Tuchman, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram (1966)

Espionage - World War II: 1931-1945

• Babington-Smith, Constance. Air Spy: The Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II (1957)
• Hinsley, F. H. and Alan Stripp. Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (2001)
• Hinsley, F. H. British Intelligence in the Second World War (1996) abridged version of multivolume official history.
• Hohne, Heinz. Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy (1979)
• Jones, R. V. The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945 (1978)
• Kahn, David. The Codebreakers. (1996).
• Kahn, David. Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (1978)
• Kahn, David. Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939-1943 (1991)
• Lewin, Ronald. The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan (1982)
• May, Ernest (ed.) Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1984)
• Persico, Joseph. Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage (2001)
• Persico, Joseph. Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA (1991)
• Smith, Richard Harris. OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (2005)
• Stanley, Roy M. World War II Photo Intelligence (1981)
• Wark, Wesley. The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 (1985)
• Wark, Wesley K."Cryptographic Innocence: The Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Second World War", Journal of Contemporary History 22 (1987)

Espionage - Cold War Era: 1945-1991

• Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (2002).
• Ambrose, Stephen E. Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment (1981).
• Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (1999)
• Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (1990).
• Aronoff, Myron J. The Spy Novels of John Le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics (1999).
• Bissell, Richard. Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs (1996)
• Bogle, Lori, ed. Cold War Espionage and Spying (2001), essays by
• Dorril, Stephen. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service (2000).
• Dziak, John J. Chekisty: A History of the KGB (1988)
• Gates, Robert M. From The Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story Of Five Presidents And How They Won The Cold War (1997)
• Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (1999).
• Helms, Richard. A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (2003)
• Koehler, John O. Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police (1999)
• Mitrokhin. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Mitrokhin Archive (1999). vol 1, on KGB
• Murphy, David E., Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey. Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War (1997).
• Persico, Joseph. Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA (1991)
• Prados, John. Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (1996)
• Rositzke, Harry. The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action (1988)
• Srodes, James. Allen Dulles (2000), CIA head to 1961
• Trahair, Richard C. S. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations (2004), by an Australian scholar; contains excellent historiographical introduction
• Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev. The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era (1999).

See also

Spy Forum and Spying Discussions

• Classified information
• Numbers station
• List of cryptographers
• List of alleged secret agents
• Military intelligence
• Motives for spying
• Security clearance
• Treason

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Category: Espionage

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Espionage", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki