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Conventional Egyptian chronology
This is a Conventional Egyptian chronology.
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Introduction
This conventional chronology of the rulers of ancient Egypt, taking into account well accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time.
Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names.
All dates are BC.
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Sources
- Predynastic Egypt is from Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt.
- The dates of Dynasties 1 to 10 are from Baines and Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 1980).
- The dates of Dynasties 11 to 20 are from Kitchen, "The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age", in Astrom (ed) High, Middle or Low (Gothengurg, 1987), taking his low chronology.
- Ken Kitchen uses textual artifacts such as the form and sequence of the blessings and curses used to bind contracts, the price of slaves as mentioned in everything from cuneiform texts to the Bible in context with the political and cultural interactions of the Ancient Near East to get a range or spread of about a century plus or minus for his chronologies.
- The dates of Dynasties 21 to 26 are from Kitchen, Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1973, Warminster).
(This information has been supplemented from The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw (Oxford, 2000), and Digital Egypt for Universities, which was developed by The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.)
It should be noted that there is a 60 year discrepancy between the dates proposed by these two authors. There is no attempt to remove this discrepancy in the combined chronology presented below.
This is a “Conventional Chronology” as discussed by David Rohl in A Test of Time (1995, Century). Though David Rohl bases his chronology on a number of conjectures which remain controversial such as there being more than one coterminous Dynasty in certain periods of Egyptian history and his spread or range of disagreement with other sources is close to three centuries in places, his theories have served to show how flimsy the substantive parts of Egyptian chronology actually are in places.
See also
- Egyptian chronology
- Pharaoh.
- Chronology of the Ancient Near East
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Protodynastic Period
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Dynasty 0 circa 3100–2920
- Scorpion I
- Double Falcon
- Ny-Hor
- Pe-Hor
- Hat-Hor
- Hedj-Hor
- Crocodile
- Scorpion II
- Iry Hor
- Ka
- Narmer
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Early Dynastic Period
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 1st Dynasty 2920-2770
- Aha / Menes
- Djer
- Djet
- Queen Merytneit
- Den
- Anedjib
- Semerkhet
- Qa'a
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 2nd Dynasty 2770-2650
- Hotepsekhemwy
- Raneb
- Ninetjer
- Sekhemib
- Peribsen
- Sened
- Weneg
- Khasekhem
- Khasekhemwy
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Position uncertain
- Sneferka
- Ba (two different writings, possibly two separate kings)
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Old Kingdom
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 3rd Dynasty 2649-2575
- Zanakht (= Nebka?) 2649-2630
- Netjerkhet (Djoser)2630-2611
- Sekhemkhet 2611-2603
- Khaba 2603-2599
- Sanakht (Nebka ?)
- Huni (Horus Qahedjet ?)2599-2575
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 4th Dynasty 2575-2134
- Sneferu 2575-2551
- Khufu (Cheops) 2551-2528
- Djedefre 2528-2520
- Khafre (Chephren) 2520-2494
- Nebka (Bikheris of later Greek-language sources)
- Menkhaure (Mycerinus) 2490-2472
- Shepseskaf 2472-2467
- Thampthis (in later Greek-language sources)
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 5th Dynasty
- Userkhaf 2465-2458
- Sahure 2458-2446
- Neferirkare Kakai 2446-2426
- Shepseskare Ini 2426-2419
- Neferefre 2419-2416
- Niuserre Izi 2416-2392
- Menkauhore 2396-2388
- Djedkare Izezi 2388-2356
- Wenis (Unas) 2356-2323
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 6th Dynasty
- Teti 2323-2291
- Userkare 2291-2289
- Pepy I (Meryre) 2289-2255
- Merenre Nemtyemzaf 2255-2246
- Pepi II Neferkare 2246-2152
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 7th Dynasty 2150-2134
In the kinglist summaries from the third century BC historian Manetho, this is a group of 70 kings ruling 70 days: there is no evidence for this - it may be a later literary metaphor for chaos at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, chaos for which there is also no direct contemporary evidence.
Budge "The Nile" Thos. Cook and Sons, Egypt 1902 lists VII, VIII, from Memphis IX and X from Herocleopolis together giving the cartouches. Baines and Ma'lik give the dates 7th/8th
- Nfr ka
- Nfr sb
- Nfr kau Ra
- Xaroi
- Nfr ka ra
- Nfr ka ra nbi
- Tet ka ra ma3t
- Nfr ka ra xntu
- Snfr ka
- Ka n ra
- Nfr ka ra trw l
- Mr n Hrw
- S nfr ka ra
- Nfr ka Hrw
- Nfr ka Ra Ppy snb
- Nfr ka Ra an nu u
- Nfr ka Ra
- Nfr kau Hrw
- Nfr ka ari Ra
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 8th Dynasty
- Netjerikare
- Menkare
- Neferkare
- Neferkare Nebi
- Djedkare Shemai
- Neferkare Khendu
- Merenhor
- Neferkamin
- Nikare
- Neferkare Tereru
- Neferkahor
- Neferkare Pepyseneb
- Neferkamin Anu
- Qakare Ibi
- Neferkawre Kha...
- Neferkawhor Khuwihap
- Neferirkare
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Kings with Unknown Position
- Sekhemkare
- Wadjkare
- Ity
- Iymhotep
- Hotep ...re
- Khui
- Isu
- Iytjenu
First Intermediate Period 2134 - 2040
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 9th and 10th Dynasties 2135-1986
- Khety (I)
- Neferkare
- Khety (II)
- Senen...
- Khety (III)
- Khety (IV)
- Shed...y
- H...
- Wahkare Khety
- Se...re Khety
- Nebkawre Khety
- Meryibre Khety
- Merykare
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 11th Dynasty 2134-2040
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek)
- Montuhotep I 2080-2074
- Inytoyef I (Sehertawy) 2074-2064 (2134-2118)
- Inyotef II (Wahankh) 2064-2015 (2118-2069)
- Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnefer) 2015-2007 (2069-2061)
- Montuhotep II 2007-1986 (2061-2010)
Middle Kingdom 2040 - 1640
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 11th Dynasty continued
In Dynasty 11 from Thebes the Antefs first appear.
Control of Egypt shifts from the Delta to Thebes and Red Sea connections to Nub.
- Erpa Antef (Erpa = hereditary prince)
- hrw (mn?)|
- hrw (Antef)|
- hrw (Antef)|
- hrw (?)|
- Neter nefer (Antef)|
- nswbt Sa Ra Antef
- nswbt (Sa ra An naa)|
- nswbt (Nub xepher Ra)| sa ra (Antwf)|
- nswbt (kau ra)|
- nswbt (Aba hrw ipw apu Ma3t)| sa ra (Antuf)| supporter of Horus the messenger who loves truth
- nswbt (Aba rnpt ipwt Ma3t)| sa ra (Antfa)| youth of the messenger of truth son of the sun Antefa
- nswbt se nfr ra
- nswbt wsr s n ra
- nswbt neb nem Ra
- nswbt sa ra (mntu htp)|
- nswbt (saRa mnt htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 1986-1956
- nswbt (neb htp ra)| sa ra (mnt htp)|Montuhotep III (Sankhkare) 1956-1944
- nswbt (neb t3w)| sa ra (mnt htp)| Montuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1944-1937
- nswbt (neb xeru)| sa ra (mnt htp)|
- nswbt (s ankh ka ra)|
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Unknown Position
- Intef Qakare
- Iyibkhenetre
- Segersen
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 12th Dynasty 1991 1783
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek cartouches from Budge)
- nswbt (shtp ab ra)| sa ra (amn m ht)|Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) 1937-1908 (1991-1962)
- nswbt (hpr ka ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)| Senuseret I (Kheperkare) 1917-1872 (1971-1926)
- nswbt (nub kau ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)|Amenemhat II (Nubkaure) 1875-1840 (1929-1892)
- nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret II (Khakheperre) 1842-1836 (1897-1878)
- nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht) Amenemhat III (Nimaartre) 1817-1772)(1844-1797)
- nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret III (Khakaure) 1836-1817 (1878-1841)
- nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht) Amenemhat IV (Maakherure) 1772-1763(1799-1783)
- nswbt (sebek nfru ra)| Neferusobek (Sobekkare) 1763-1759 (1787-1783)
Second Intermediate Period
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 13th Dynasty
21 kings for about 63 years then
- Neferhotep 1696-1685
- Sihathor 1685-1685
- Sobekhotep IV 1685-1678
- Sobekhotep V 1678-1674
- Iaib 1674-1664
- Ay 1664-1641
Then 6 more kings for about 20 years
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 14th Dynasty
About 76 minor kings of the Delta, contemporary with the second half of the 13th dynasty.
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 15th Dynasty 1633-1525
- Salitis
- Bnon
- Apachnan (Khyan)
- Iannas (Ianassi son of Kyan)
- Apophis (Auserre Apepi)
- Assis
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 16th Dynasty
32 minor kings contemporary with the 15th and 17th dynasties.
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 17th Dynasty 1606-1539
About 15 kings in all, contemporary with the 15th dynasty, the last three being
- Tao I (Senakhtenre)
- Tao II (Sekenenre)
- Kamose (Wadjkheperre)
New Kingdom
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 18th Dynasty
- Ahmose (Nebpehtyre) 1539-1514
- Amenhotep I (Djeserkare) 1514-1493
- Thutmose I (Akheperkare) 1493-1481
- Thutmose II (Akheperenre) 1481-1479
- Hatshepsut (Maatkare) 1473-1458
- Thutmose III (Menkheperre) 1479-1425
- Amenhotep II (Akheperure)
- Thutmose IV (Menkheperure)
- Amenhotep III (Nubmaatre) 1382-1344
- Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten (Neferkheperure-waenre) 1352-1336
- Neferneferuaten (Ankhkheperure - possibly Nefertiti) 1341-1337
- Smenkhkare (Ankhkheperure) 1337-1336
- Tutankhamun (Nebkheperure) 1336-1327
- Ay (Kheperkheperure) 1327-1323
- Horemheb (Djeserkheperure) 1323-1295
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 19th Dynasty
- Ramesses I (Menpehtyre) 1295-1294
- Seti I (Manmaatre) 1294-1279
- Ramesses II (Usermaatre-setepenre) 1279-1213
- Merenptah (Baenre-hotephirmaat) 1213-1203
- Amenmesse (Menmire) 1203-1200
- Seti II (Userkheperure-setepenre) 1200-1194
- Merneptah Siptah (Sekhaenre-meryamun, later Akhenre-setepenre) 1194-1188
- Tausert (Sitre-meritamun) 1188-1186
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 20th Dynasty
- Setnakhte (Userkhaure-meryamun) 1186-1184
- Ramesses III (Usermaatre-meryamun) 1184-1153
- Ramesses IV (Hekamaatre-setepenamun) 1153-1147
- Ramesses V (Usermaatre-sekheperenre) 1147-1153
- Ramesses VI (Nebmaatre-meryamun) 1143-1136
- Ramesses VII (Usermaatre-setepenre) 1136-1129
- Ramesses VIII (Usermaatre-akhenamun) 1129-1126
- Ramesses IX (Neferkare-setepenre) 1126-1108
- Ramesses X (Khepermaatre-setepenre) 1108-1099
- Ramesses XI (Menmaatre-setepenptah) 1099-1069
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Third Intermediate Period
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Tanite 21st Dynasty
- Smendes I (Hedjkheperre-setepenre) 1069-1043
- Amenemnisu (Neferkare-hekawaset) 1043-1039
- Psusennes I (Akheperre-setepenamun) 1039-991
- Amenemopet (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 993-984
- Osorkon the Elder (Akheperre-setepenre) 984-978
- Siamun (Netjerkheperre-setepenre) 978-959
- Har-Psusennes II (Tjekheperre-setepenre) 959-945
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Theban 21st Dynasty
- Herihor 1080-1074
- Piankh 1074-1070
- Pinedjem I 1070-1032
- Masaharta 1054-1046
- Djedkonsefankh 1046-1045
- Menkheperre 1045-992
- Smendes II 992-990
- Pinedjem II 990-969
- Psusennes III 969-945
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 22nd Dynasty
- Shoshenq I (Hedjkheperre-setepenre) 945-924
- Osorkon I (Sekhemkheperre-setepenre) 924-889
- Shoshenq II (Heqakheperre-setepenre) 889-887
- Takelot I (Hedjkheperre-setepenre) 887-873
- Osorkon II (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 873-838
- Harsiese (Hedjkheperre-setepenamun) 860-850
- Shoshenq III (Usermaatre-setepenre/amun) 838-799
- Shoshenq IV (Hedjkheperre-setepenre) 799-786
- Pami (Usermaatre-setepenre/amun) 786-779
- Shoshenq V (Akheperre) 779-740
- Osorkon IV (Akheperre-setepenamun) 740-720
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 23rd Dynasty
- Pedubast (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 818-793
- Iuput I 804-803
- Shoshenq IV (Usermaatre-meryamun) 793-787
- Osorkon III (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 787-759
- Takelot III (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 764-757
- Rudamun (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 757-754
- Iuput II (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 754-720
- Shoshenq IV (Wasneterre-setepenre) 720-715
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 24th Dynasty
- Tefnakhte (Shepsesre) 727-720
- Bakenrenef (Wahkare) 720-715
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 25th Dynasty
- Alara 780-760
- Kashta (Maatre) 760-747
- Piankhi or Piye (Usermaatre/Sneferre) 747-716
- Shabaka (Neferkare) 716-702
- Shebitku 702-690
- Taharka (Nefertemkhure) 690-664
- Tantamani (Bakare) 664-656
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 26th Dynasty
- Ameris 715-695
- Tefnakht I 695-688
- Nekauba 688-672
- Necho I (Menkheperre) 672 - 664
Conventional Egyptian chronology - Late Period
Conventional Egyptian chronology - 26th Dynasty continued
- Psammetichus I (Wahibre) 664 - 610
- Necho II (Wehemibre) 610 - 595
- Psammetichus II (Neferibre) 595 - 589
- Apries (Haaibre) 589 - 570
- Amasis II (Khnemibre) 570 - 526
- Psammetichus III (Ankhkaenre) 526 - 525
Categories: Ancient Egypt | Chronology
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