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Conditioning - Operant conditioning | | Conditioning - Operant conditioning: Encyclopedia II - Conditioning - Operant conditioning | | See also: Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning, also called "instrumental conditioning", involves the modification of behavior due to the consequences of behavior. When a response or act is followed by a reinforcing consequence, the future probability of the response increases. When a response or act is followed by a punishing consequence, the future probability of the response decreases. Operant conditioning is generally associated with B.F. Skinner (1938, 1953, 1957). During reinforcement and punishment, the ...
See also:Conditioning, Conditioning - Pavlov's dogs, Conditioning - Classical conditioning, Conditioning - Operant conditioning | | | Conditioning, Conditioning - Classical conditioning, Conditioning - Operant conditioning, Conditioning - Pavlov's dogs, Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning, Observational learning, Psychology, Behaviorism, Radical behaviorism, Reinforcement, Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet - wrote "Philosophy of the Unconditioned", Social learning theory, Behavior Modification | | |
| | | Conditioning: Encyclopedia II - Conditioning - Operant conditioning
Conditioning - Operant conditioning
See also: Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning, also called "instrumental conditioning", involves the modification of behavior due to the consequences of behavior. When a response or act is followed by a reinforcing consequence, the future probability of the response increases. When a response or act is followed by a punishing consequence, the future probability of the response decreases. Operant conditioning is generally associated with B.F. Skinner (1938, 1953, 1957). During reinforcement and punishment, the behavior of an organism is changed by the experience of the coincidence of the response and consequence (some would say the contingency between the response and consequence). The organism (or the response) is thus said to have been conditioned.
A typical example of operant conditioning in the laboratory would be a comparison of the response rates of rats under two conditions. In the first, rats are allowed to press a lever with no programmed consequence. In the second, rats are allowed to press a lever with the result that each lever press is immediately followed by giving the rat a small portion of food. Generally, the rate of lever pressing is higher in the second condition. It is then said that lever pressing was reinforced by the presentation of food, or that the response-contingent presentation of food strengthed lever pressing.
Consequences can be either reinforcing (strengthening the response) or punishing (weakening the response).
The application of the principles of operant conditioning to social situations such as parenting or therapy is called "behavior modification."
Other related archivesAristotle, B.F. Skinner, Behavior Modification, Behaviorism, Classical conditioning, Ivan Pavlov, Observational learning, Operant conditioning, Pavlovian, Psychology, Radical behaviorism, Reinforcement, Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning, Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet, Social learning theory, behavior, classical conditioning, condition number, conditional probabilities, dogs, drug tolerance, elicited, engineering, immune function, learning, lever, math, matrix, operant conditioning, overdose, phobias, probability theory, psychological, punishing, reinforcing, respondent conditioning, salivary, sexual fetishes, stimuli, taste aversions
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Operant conditioning", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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