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Chandragupta II
The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the Golden Age of India. It was under the rule of Samudragupta's son, Chandragupta II (very often referred to as Vikramaditya or Chandragupta Vikramaditya) spanning 375-413/15 AD, that the Gupta empire achieved its zenith. Chandragupta attained success by pursuing both a favorable marital alliance and an aggressive expansionist policy. In this his father and grandfather set the precedent. His name is Sanskrit for "protected by the moon".
His greatest victory was his victory over the Shaka-Kshatrapa dynasty and annexation of their kingdom in Gujarat. His other great achievement was the marriage of his daughter Prabhavatigupta with Rudrasena II of the Vakataka dynasty of Central India. Rudrasena II died fortuitously after a very short reign in 390 AD, following which Prabhavatigupta ruled as a regent on behalf of her two sons. During this twenty year period the Vakataka realm was practically a part of the Gupta empire. Many historians refer to this period as the Vakataka-Gupta age.
Chandragupta II controlled a vast empire, from the mouth of the Ganges to the mouth of the Indus River and from what is now North Pakistan down to the mouth of the Narmada. The large number of beautiful gold coins issued by the Gupta dynasty are a testament to the imperial grandeur of that age. Chandragupta II also started producing silver coins in the Shaka tradition.
Fa-hsien was the first of three great Chinese pilgrims who visited India from the fifth to the seventh centuries AD, in search of knowledge, manuscripts and relics. He arrived during the reign of Chandragupta II and gave a general description of North India at that time. Among the other things, he reported about the absence of capital punishment, the lack of a poll-tax and land tax and the presence of a strongly embedded caste system. Most citizens did not consume onions, garlic, meat and wine. The exception to this were the Chandalas, who were shunned in society and segregated from other people.
Culturally too, the reign of Chandragupta II marked a Golden Age. This is evidenced by later reports of the presence of a circle of poets known as the Nine_Gems in his court. The greatest among them was Kalidasa, who authored numerous immortal pieces of literature including 'Shakuntala', and he is often referred to as the Shakespeare of India. One other was Varahamihira who was a famous astronomer and mathematician.
The fourth day after the Hindu festival Diwali is called Padwa or Varshapratipada, which marks the coronation of King Vikramaditya. The Hindu Shaka-Samvat calendar was apparently started on this day and this day is celebrated as new year's day in some places (which is confusing because the Vikram-Samvat is synchronised with the Vikram-Samvat calendar, which starts around April, in some parts of India).
Chandragupta II - The Famous Iron Pillar
Close to the Qutub Minar is one of Delhi's most curious structures, the Iron Pillar. Dating back to 4th century A.D., the pillar bears an inscription which states that it was erected as a flagstaff in honour of the Hindu god Vishnu, and in the memory of the Gupta King Chandragupta II (375-413). The pillar also highlights ancient India's achievements in metallurgy. The pillar is made of 98% wrought iron and has stood more than 1,600 years without rusting or decomposing. This iron pillar is one of the Ashoka pillars found mostly in northern India. See Pillars of Ashoka.
Chandragupta II - Sources
- R. K. Mookerji, The Gupta Empire, 4th edition. Motilal Banarsidass, 1959.
- R. C. Majumdar, Ancient India, 6th revised edition. Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
- Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 2nd edition. Rupa and Co, 1991.
Vikramaditya
See also
Categories: Gupta dynasty | Indian monarchs | History of Malwa | History by country | History of Asia | India
Other related archivesAshoka, Chandalas, Delhi, Diwali, Fa-hsien, Ganges, Gujarat, Gupta dynasty, Gupta empire, History by country, History of Asia, History of Malwa, India, Indian monarchs, Indus River, Kalidasa, Narmada, Nine_Gems, Pakistan, Pillars of Ashoka, Qutub Minar, Samudragupta, Sanskrit, Shaka-Kshatrapa, Shaka-Samvat calendar, Shakespeare, Vakataka, Varahamihira, Vikram-Samvat calendar, Vikramaditya, Vishnu
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