Buddhist terms and concepts

Buddhist terms and concepts

Several Buddhist terms and concepts lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term. Below are given a number of important Buddhist terms, short definitions, and the languages in which they appear. In this list, an attempt has been made to organize terms by their original form and give translations and synonyms in other languages below the definition.

Languages and traditions dealt with here:

• English (Eng.)
• Pāli: Theravāda Buddhism
• Sanskrit (or Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit): primarily Mahāyāna Buddhism
• Thai: Theravāda Buddhism
• Tibetan (Tib): Tibetan Buddhism
• CJKV languages
  • Chinese (Cn): Chinese Buddhism
  • Japanese (Jp): Japanese Buddhism
  • Korean (Ko): Korean Buddhism
  • Vietnamese (Vi): Vietnamese Buddhism

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Buddhist terms and concepts - A

• Pāli: Abhidhamma-piṭaka
• Sanskrit: Abhidharma-piṭaka

論藏, 論蔵

• Cn: ??
• Jp: ronzō
• Vi: Luận tạng

• Pāli: ācāriya
• Sanskrit: ācārya

• Thai: อาจารย์ Ajahn

阿闍梨, 阿闍梨耶

• Cn: ??
• Jp: ajari or ajariya
• Vi: a-xà-lê

• Sanskrit: āgama

• Pāli: nikāya

阿含

• Cn: ??
• Jp: agon
• Vi: A-hàm

• Pāli, Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna

• Tib: ཀུན་གཞི་རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ་
  kun gzhi rnam par shes pa

阿賴耶識, 阿頼耶識

• Cn: ??
• Jp: araya-shiki
• Vi: a-lại-da thức

• Sanskrit: amitābha (lit. "limitless light") and amitāyus (lit. "limitless life")

阿彌陀 or 阿彌陀佛, 阿弥陀 or 阿弥陀仏

• Ch: Āmítuó or Āmítuó fó
• Jp: Amida or Amida-butsu
• Vi: A-di-đà or Phật A-di-đà

• Pāli: anāgarika

• Pāli: ānāpānasati

• Pāli: anattā
• Sanskrit: anātman

無我

• Cn: wúwǒ
• Jp: muga
• Vi: vô ngã

• Pāli: anicca
• Sanskrit: anitya

無常

• Cn: wúcháng
• Jp: mujō
• Vi: vô thường

• Pāli: arahat or arahant
• Sanskrit: arhat or arhant

• Tib: dgra com pa

阿羅漢

• Cn: āluóhàn
• Jp: arakan
• Vi: A-la-hán

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Buddhist terms and concepts - B

• Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava

• Thai: ภาวนา

有

• Cn: ??
• Jp: u
• Vi: hữu

• Pāli: bhikkhu
• Sanskrit: bhikṣu

• Tib: དགེ་སློང་ dge slong
• Thai: ภิกษุ bhiksu

比丘

• Cn: ??
• Jp: biku
• Vi: tỉ-khâu or tỉ-khưu

• from bhikkhu
• Pāli: bhikkhuni
• Sanskrit: bhikṣuni

• Tib: དགེ་སློང་མ་ sde slong ma
• Thai: ภิกษุณี bhiksuni

比丘尼

• Cn: ??
• Jp: bikuni
• Vi: tỉ-khâu-ni

• Sanskrit: bīja

種子

• Cn: zhŏngzí
• Jp: shushi
• Vi: chủng tử

• Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhi

菩提

• Cn: pútí
• Jp: bodai
• Vi: bồ-đề

• from bodhi above

菩提樹

• Cn: pútíshù
• Jp: bodaiju
• Vi: Bồ-đề thụ

• Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhicitta

• Tib: བྱང་ཆུབ་ཀྱི་སེམས་ byang chub kyi sems

菩提心

• Cn: pudixin
• Jp: bodaishin
• Vi: bồ-đề tâm

• Pāli: bodhisatta
• Sanskrit: bodhisattva

菩薩

• Cn: púsā
• Jp: bosatsu
• Vi: Bồ-tát

• from √budh: to awaken
• Pāli, Sanskrit: buddha

佛, 仏

• Cn: fó
• Jp: butsu or hotoke
• Vi: Phật or bụt

• Sanskrit: buddhatā or buddha-svabhāva

佛性, 仏性

• Cn: fóxìng
• Jp: busshō
• Vi: Phật tính

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Buddhist terms and concepts - D

• Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་ taa-la'i bla-ma

達賴喇嘛

• Ch: ??
• Jp: ??
• Vi: Đạt Lai Lạt Ma or Đạt-lại Lạt-ma

• Pāli, Sanskrit: dāna

布施

• Cn: ??
• Jp: fuse
• Vi: bố thí

• Pāli: paṭicca-samuppāda
• Sanskrit: pratītya-samutpāda

因縁, also 緣起, 縁起

• Cn: ??
• Jp: innen, also engi
• Vi: duyên khởi

• from √dhṛ: to hold
• Pāli: dhamma
• Sanskrit: dharma

法

• Cn: fă
• Jp: hō
• Vi: pháp

• Pāli: jhāna
• Sanskrit: dhyana

禪, 禅

• Ch: chán
• Jp: Zen
• Vi: thiền-na or thiền

• Japanese: doan

• Japanese: 独参 dokusan

獨參

• Cn: ??
• Vi: độc tham

• Pāli: dukkha
• Sanskrit: duḥkha

苦

• Cn: ??
• Jp: ku
• Vi: khổ

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Buddhist terms and concepts - F

1. Age of enlightenment (解脱堅固 Cn: ??; Jp: gedatsu kengo)
2. Age of meditation (禅定堅固 Cn: ??; Jp: zenjō kengo)
   These two ages comprise the Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: ??; Jp: shōbō)
   
   
3. Age of reading, reciting, and listening (読誦多聞堅固 Cn: ??; Jp: dokuju tamon kengo)
4. Age of building temples and stupas (多造塔寺堅固 Cn: ??; Jp: tazō tōji kengo)
   These two ages comprise the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: ??; Jp: zōhō)
   
   
5. Age of conflict (闘諍堅固 Cn: ??; Jp: tōjō kengo), an age characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural and human-made disasters.
   This age corresponds to the beginning of the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō) when the (historical) Buddha's teachings would loose all power of salvation and perish (白法隠没 Cn: ??; Jp: byakuhō onmotsu) and a new Buddha would appear to save the people.

• The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集 Cn: ??; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō).

五箇五百歳

• Cn: ??
• Jp: 五箇の五百歳 go no gohyaku sai

1. Suffering: Dukkha (Sanskrit: duḥkhāryasatya; Thai: ทุกข์; 苦諦 Cn: ??; Jp: kutai; Vi: khổ đế)
2. Attachment (desire): Samudaya (Sanskrit: samudayāryasatya; Thai: สมุทัย; 集諦 Cn: ??; Jp: jittai; Vi: tập khổ đế)
3. Elimination of attachment (desire): Nirodha (Sanskrit: duḥkhanirodhāryasatya; Thai: นิโรธ; 滅諦 Cn: ??; Jp: mettai; Vi: diệt khổ đế)
4. The path that leads out of suffering: Magga (Sanskrit: duḥkhanirodhagāminī pratipad; Thai: มรรค; 道諦 Cn: ??; Jp: dōtai; Vi: đạo đế)

• Pāli: cattāri ariya-saccāni
• Sanskrit: चत्वारि आर्यसत्यानि catvāry āryasatyāni

四諦

• Cn: ??
• Jp: shitai
• Vi: tứ diệu đế

• Japanese

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Buddhist terms and concepts - G

• Japanese: 合掌 gasshō

• Sanskrit: anjali

合掌

• Cn: ??
• Vi: hiệp chưởng

• Tibetan

• Chinese 公案 gōng-àn

公案

• Ko: gong'an
• Jp: kōan
• Vi: công án

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Buddhist terms and concepts - H

• Japanese

• Sanskrit: hīnayāna

小乘

• Cn: Xiǎochěng
• Jp: Shōjō
• Vi: Tiểu thừa

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Buddhist terms and concepts - I

• Japanese

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Buddhist terms and concepts - J

• from √dhyā: to think of, to contemplate, meditate on
• Pāli: jhāna
• Sanskrit: dhyāna

禪, 禅

• Ch: chán
• Jp: Zen
• Vi: thiền-na or thiền

• Japanese

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Buddhist terms and concepts - K

• from √kri: to do
• Pāli: kamma
• Sanskrit: karma

業

• Cn: yè
• Jp: gō
• Vi: nghiệp

• Japanese: 見性 kenshō

見性

• Cn: jiànxìng
• Vi: kiến tính

• Tibetan

• Japanese: 經行 kinhin or kyōgyō

經行

• Cn: jingxing

• Japanese: 公案 kōan

公案

• Cn: gōng-àn
• Ko: gong'an
• Vi: công án

• Japanese: 警策 kyōsaku, called keisaku in Rinzai

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Buddhist terms and concepts - L

• Tibetan: བླ་མ་ lama

• Sanskrit: guru

喇嘛

• Cn: ??
• Vi: lạt-ma

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Buddhist terms and concepts - M

• Sanskrit: mādhyamika

中觀宗

• Cn: ??
• Vi: Trung quán tông

• Sanskrit: mahāsiddha

大成就

• Cn: ??
• Vi: đại thành tựu

• Sanskrit: mahāyāna

大乘

• Cn: Dàshèng
• Jp: Daijō
• Vi: Đại thừa

• Pāli: Metteyya
• Sanskrit: Maitreya

彌勒 or 彌勒佛, 弥勒 or 弥勒仏

• Ch: Mi Le or Mi Le fó
• Jp: Miroku or Miroku-butsu
• Vi: Di-lặc or Phật Di-lặc

• Japanese: 魔境 makyō

• Japanese: 末法 mappō

末法

• Cn: mòfǎ

• Pāli: majjhimāpaṭipadā
• Sanskrit: madhyamāpratipad

中道

• Ch: zhōngdào
• Jp: chūdō
• Vi: trung đạo

• Pāli: sammā-sati
• Sanskrit: samyag-smṛti

正念

• Cn: ??
• Vi: chính niệm

• Sanskrit: moksha

解脱

• Jp: gedatsu

• Japanese: 木魚

木魚

• Cn: mu-yü
• Vi: mõ

• Japanese: 問答　mondō

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Buddhist terms and concepts - N

Derivatives:

• Namo Amitabha

• Pāli: namo
• Sanskrit: namaḥ or namas

Derivatives:

• Sanskrit: namas amitābha

南無

• Cn: nammu
• Jp: namu or nam
• Vi: nam-mô

Derivatives:
南無阿弥陀佛

• Cn: Nàmó Āmítuó fó
• Jp: Namu Amida butsu
• Vi: Nam-mô A-di-đà Phật

• Pāli: nibbāna
• Sanskrit: nirvana

涅槃

• Cn: nièpán
• Jp: nehan
• Vi: Niết-bàn

• Pāli: nikāya

• Sanskrit: āgama

部經

• Cn: ??
• Vi: bộ kinh

1. Right View (Pāli: sammā-diṭṭhi; Sanskrit: samyag-dṛṣṭi; 正見 Cn: ??; Vi: chính kiến)
2. Right Thought (Pāli: sammā-saṅkappa; Sanskrit: samyak-saṃkalpa; 正思唯 Cn: ??; Vi: chính tư duy)
   These 2 constitute the path of Wisdom (Pāli: paññā; Sanskrit: prajñā)
   
   
3. Right Speech (Pāli: sammā-vācā; Sanskrit: samyag-vāk; 正語 Cn: ??; Vi: chính ngữ)
4. Right Action (Pāli: sammā-kammanta; Sanskrit: samyak-karmānta; 正業 Cn: ??; Vi: chính nghiệp)
5. Right Living (Pāli: sammā-ājīva; Sanskrit: samyag-ājīva; 正命 Cn: ??; Vi: chính mệnh)
   These 3 constitute the path of Virtue (Pāli: sīla; Sanskrit: śīla)
   
   
6. Right Effort (Pāli: sammā-vāyāma; Sanskrit: samyag-vyāyāma; 正精進 Cn: ??; Vi: chính tinh tiến)
7. Right Mindfulness (Pāli: sammā-sati; Sanskrit: samyag-smṛti; 正念 Cn: ??; Vi: chính niệm)
8. Right Concentration (Pāli: sammā-samādhi; Sanskrit: samyak-samādhi; 正定 Cn: ??; Vi: chính định)
   The last 3 constitute the path of Concentration (Pāli, Sanskrit: samādhi)

• Pāli: aṭṭhāṅgika-magga
• Sanskrit: aṣṭāṅgika-mārga

八正道

• Cn: bāzhèngdào
• Jp: hasshōdō
• Vi: bát chính đạo

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Buddhist terms and concepts - O

• Japanese: 応量器 ōryōki

• Japanese: 和尚 oshō

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Buddhist terms and concepts - P

1. "form": Pāli, Sanskrit: rūpa; 色 Cn: ??; Jp: shiki
2. "sensation": Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; 受 Cn: ??; Jp: ju
3. "cognition": Pāli: saññā; Sanskrit: saṃjñā; 想 Cn: ??; Jp: sō
4. "mental formations": Pāli: saṅkhāra; Sanskrit: saṃskāra; 行 Cn: ??; Jp: gyō
5. "consciousness": Pāli: viññāṇa; Sanskrit: vijñāna; 識 Cn: ??; Jp: shiki

• Sanskrit: pañca skandha
• Pāli: pañca khandha

五蘊, 五陰, 五薀

• Cn: wǔyùn
• Jp: go-on sometimes go-un
• Vi: ngũ uẩn

• Sanskrit: paramārtha

• Pāli: parami
• Sanskrit: pāramitā

波羅蜜

• Cn: bōluómì
• Jp: haramitsu

• from nibbana/nirvana above
• Pāli: parinibbāna
• Sanskrit: parinirvāṇa

般涅槃

• Cn: bō niè pán
• Jp: hatsunehan
• Vi: bát-niết-bàn

• Pāli: paññā
• Sanskrit: prajñā

般若

• Cn: banruo
• Jp: hannya
• Vi: bát-nhã

A famous application of dependent origination is the Twelve Nidana, or 12 inter-dependences (Sanskrit: dvādaśāṅgapratītyasamutpāda; 十二因縁 Cn: ??; Jp: jūni innen; Vi: thập nhị nhân duyên), which are:

1. Ignorance (Pāli: avijjā; Sanskrit: avidyā; 無明 Cn: ??; Jp: mumyō; Vi: vô minh)
2. Ignorance creates Mental Formation (Pāli: saṅkhāra; Sanskrit: saṃskāra; 行 Cn: ??; Jp: gyō; Vi: hành)
3. Mental Formation creates Consciousness (Pāli: viññāṇa; Sanskrit: vijñāna; 識 Cn: ??; Jp: shiki; Vi: thức)
4. Consciousness creates Name & Form (Pāli, Sanskrit: nāmarūpa; 名色 Cn: ??; Jp: myōshiki; Vi: danh sắc)
5. Name & Form create Sense Gates (Pāli: saḷāyatana; Sanskrit: ṣaḍāyatana; 六入 or 六処 Cn: ??; Jp: rokunyū or rokusho; Vi: lục căn)
6. Sense Gates create Contact (Pāli: phassa; Sanskrit: sparśa; 觸 or 触 Cn: ??; Jp: soku; Vi: xúc)
7. Contact creates Feeling (Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; 受 Cn: ??; Jp: ju; Vi: thụ)
8. Feeling creates Craving (Pāli: taṇhā; Sanskrit: tṛṣṇā; 愛 Cn: ??; Jp: ai; Vi: ái)
9. Craving creates Clinging (Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna; 取 Cn: ??; Jp: shu; Vi: thủ)
10. Clinging creates Becoming (Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava; 有 Cn: ??; Jp: u; Vi: hữu)
11. Becoming creates Birth (Pāli, Sanskrit: jāti; 生 Cn: ??; Jp: shō; Vi: sinh)
12. Birth leads to Aging & Death (Pāli, Sanskrit: jarāmaraṇa; 老死 Cn: ??; Jp: rōshi; Vi: lão tử)

• Pāli: paṭicca-samuppāda
• Sanskrit: pratitya-samutpāda

縁起 (thought to be an abbreviation for 因縁生起)

• Cn: ??
• Jp: engi
• Vi: duyên khởi
• Also called 因縁
  • Cn: ??
  • Jp: innen
  • Vi: nhân duyên

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Buddhist terms and concepts - R

• Tibetan

仁波切

• Cn: ??

• Japanese: 臨済宗 Rinzai-shū

臨済宗

• Cn: Línjì-zōng
• Vi: Lâm Tế tông

• Japanese: 臘八 Rōhatsu

• Japanese 老師 rōshi

老師

• Cn: lǎo shī (lit., old master)
• Vi: lão sư

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Buddhist terms and concepts - S

• Sanskrit: śrāmaṇera

• Pāli: samatha
• Sanskrit: śamatha

• Pāli, Sanskrit: saṃsāra

輪迴, 輪廻

• Cn: ??
• Jp: rinne
• Vi: luân hồi

• Japanese: 作務

• Sanskrit: saṃvrti

• Sanskrit: saṅgha

僧, 僧侶

• Cn: ??
• Jp: sō, sōryō
• Vi: tăng già

• Japanese: 悟り satōri

悟

• Cn: wu
• Vi: ngộ

• Japanese: 先生

• Japanese: 接心, 摂心

接心

• Cn: ??
• Vi: tiếp tâm

• Japanese: 只管打座

• Pāli: suññatā
• Sanskrit: śūnyatā

空

• Cn: ??
• Jp: kū
• Vi: tính Không

• Pāli: sīla
• Sanskrit: śīla

戒

• Cn: ??
• Jp: kai
• Vi: giới

• Japanese: 曹洞宗 Sōtō-shū

曹洞宗

• Cn: Caodong-zong
• Vi: Tào Ðộng tông

• Pāli, Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna

阿頼耶識

• Cn: ??
• Jp: arayashiki
• Vi: a-lại-da thức

• from √siv: to sew
• Pāli: sutta
• Sanskrit: sutra

經, 経

• Cn: ??
• Jp: kyō
• Vi: kinh

• Pāli: Sutta-piṭaka
• Sanskrit: Sūtra-piṭaka

經藏, 経蔵

• Cn: ??
• Jp: kyōzō
• Vi: Kinh tạng

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Buddhist terms and concepts - T

• Pāli: taṇhā
• Sanskrit: tṛṣṇā

愛

• Cn: ??
• Jp: ai
• Vi: ái

• Japanese

• Sanskrit: tantra

怛特羅

• Cn: ??
• Vi: đát-đặc-la

• Sanskrit: tathāgata

如来

• Cn: rú lái
• Jp: nyorai
• Vi: như lai

• Sanskrit: tathāgatagarbha

仏性

• Cn: ??
• Jp: busshō
• Also 覚性
  • Cn: ??
  • Jp: kakushō
  • Vi: giác tính
• Also 如来蔵
  • Cn: ??
  • Jp: nyuoraizō
  • Vi: như lai tạng

• Japanese: 提唱 teishō

• Japanese: 典座 tenzo

典座

• Cn: ??
• Vi: điển toạ

• Pāli: theravāda
• Sanskrit: sthaviravāda

上座部

• Cn: shàngzuòbù
• Jp: jōzabu
• Vi: Thượng toạ bộ

• Three divisions of the time following the historical Buddha's passing: the Former (or Early) Day of the Law (正法 Cn: ??; Jp: shōbō), the first thousand years; the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: ??; Jp: zōhō), the second thousand years; and the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō), which is to last for 10,000 years.
• The three periods are significant to Mahayana adherents, particularly those who hold the Lotus Sutra in high regard; e.g., Tiantai (Tendai) and Nichiren Buddhists, who believe that different Buddhist teachings are valid (i.e., able to lead practitioners to enlightenment) in each period due to the different capacity to accept a teaching (機根 Cn: ??; Jp: kikon) of the people born in each respective period.
• The three periods are further divided into five five-hundred year periods (五五百歳 Cn: ??; Jp: go no gohyaku sai), the fifth and last of which was prophecized to be a when the Buddhism of Sakyamuni would loose all power of salvation and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. This time period would be characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural disasters.
• The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集経 Cn: ??; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō). Descriptions of the three periods also appear in other sutras, some of which ascribe different lengths of time to them (although all agree that Mappō will last for 10,000 years).

三時

• Cn: ??
• Jp: sanji
• Vi: tam thời

1. Greed or selfish desire (Pāli: taṇhā; Sanskrit: tṛṣṇā; 貪 Cn: ??; Jp: ton; Vi: ái)
2. Hatred or anger (Sanskrit: dveṣa; 瞋 Cn: ??; Jp: jin; Vi: sân)
3. Ignorance or delusion (Pāli: avijjā; Sanskrit: avidyā; Tib.: མ་རིག་པ་ ma rig-pa; 癡 Cn: ??; Jp: chi; Vi: vô minh)

三毒

• Cn: ??
• Jp: sandoku
• Vi: tam độc

1. Kamaloka or Kamadhatu: world of desires (Sanskrit, Pāli: kāmaloka, kāmadhātu; Tibetan: འདོད་ཁམས་ `dod khams; 欲 界 Cn: ??, Vi: dục giới)
2. Rupaloka or Rupadhatu: world of form (Sanskrit: rūpaloka, rūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་ཁམས་ gzugs khams; 色界 Cn: ??; Vi: sắc giới)
3. Arupaloka or Arupadhatu: world without form or desire (Sanskrit: arūpaloka, arūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་མེད་ཁམས་ gzugs med khams; 無色界 Cn: ??, Vi: vô sắc giới)

• Sanskrit: triloka

• Pāli: tisso dhātuyo
• Tibetan: ཁམས་གསུམ་ khams gsum

三界

• Cn: ??
• Vi: tam giới

• Dharma-kaya (Sanskrit: dharmakāya; 法身 Cn: ??; Jp: hosshin; Vi: pháp thân)
• Sambhoga-kaya (Sanskrit: saṃbhogakāya; 報身 Cn: ??; Jp: hōshin; Vi: báo thân)
• Nirmana-kaya (Sanskrit: nirmāṇakāya; 應身, 応身 Cn: ??; Jp: ōjin; Vi: ứng thân)

• Sanskrit: trikāya

三身

• Cn: sānshén
• Jp: sanjin
• Vi: tam thân

• Vinaya Pitaka (Pāli, Sanskrit: Vinaya-piṭaka; Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ `dul ba`i sde snod; 律藏, 律蔵 Cn: ??; Jp: Ritsuzō; Vi: Luật tạng)
• Sutra Pitaka (Pāli: Sutta-piṭaka; Sanskrit: Sūtra-piṭaka; Tib: མདོ་སྡེའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mdo sde`i sde snod; 經藏, 経蔵 Cn: ??; Jp: Kyōzō; Vi: Kinh tạng)
• Abhidhamma Pitaka (Pāli: Abhidhamma-piṭaka; Sanskrit: Abhidharma-piṭaka; Tib: མངོན་པའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mngon pa`i sde snod; 論藏, 論蔵 Cn: ??; Jp: Ronzō; Vi: Luận tạng)

• Pāli: Tipiṭaka
• Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka

• Thai: ไตรปิฎก Traipidok

三蔵

• Cn: Sānzàng
• Jp: Sanzō
• Ko: Samjang
• Vi: Tam tạng

• Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་

• Sanskrit: nirmāṇa-kāya

化身 (Note: 化身 usually refers to any reincarnation.)

• Cn: huàshēn
• Jp: keshin
• Vi: hoá thân

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Buddhist terms and concepts - U

• Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna

取

• Cn: ??
• Jp: shu
• Vi: thủ

• Sanskrit: upāsaka

近事男

• Cn: ??
• Vi: cận sự nam

• from upasaka above
• Sanskrit: upāsika

近事女

• Cn: ??
• Vi: cận sự nữ

In Mahayana, exemplified by the Lotus Sutra, upaya are the useful means that Buddhas (and Buddhist teachers) use to free beings into enlightenment

• Sanskrit: upāya

方便

• Cn: ??
• Jp: hōben
• Vi: phương tiện

• Sanskrit: urna

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Buddhist terms and concepts - V

• Sanskrit: vajrayāna

金剛乘

• Cn: ??
• Vi: Kim cương thừa

• Pāli, Sanskrit: vinaya-piṭaka

律藏

• Cn: ??
• Jp: Ritsuzō
• Vi: Luật tạng

• from vi-√dṛś: to see apart
• Pāli: vipassanā
• Sanskrit: vipaśyanā, vidarśanā

觀,観

• Cn: ??
• Jp: kan
• Vi: quán

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Buddhist terms and concepts - Z

• Japanese: 坐禪

坐禪

• Cn: zuòchán
• Vi: toạ thiền

• Japanese: 禪宗 Zen-shu

禪宗

• Ch: Chán-zōn
• Vi: Thiền tông

• Japanese: 禅堂

禅堂

• Cn: ??
• Vi: thiền đường

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See also

• Buddhism
• Buddhist texts

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "Buddhist terms and concepts", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_terms_and_concepts, used and available under the GNU Free Documentation License.