April 3: Encyclopedia - April 3

April 3

April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining.

April 3 - Events

• 33 - Crucifixion of Jesus (traditional date)
• 1077 - Creation of the first Parliament of Friuli
• 1559 - The treaty, Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, is signed, ending the Italian Wars.
• 1860 - The first successful Pony Express run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California begins, and is completed on April 13).
• 1865 - American Civil War: Union forces capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the break-away Confederate States of America.
• 1882 - American Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back and killed in Saint Joseph, Missouri by Robert Ford for a $5,000 reward.
• 1885 - Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for his engine design.
• 1895 - The libel trial instigated by Oscar Wilde against the Marquess of Queensbury begins, eventually resulting in Wilde's arrest, trial and imprisonment on charges of homosexuality.
• 1896 - first publication of La Gazzetta dello Sport newspaper in Italy.
• 1917 - Vladimir Lenin arrives at Petrograd Station in Russia from exile, marking the begining of Bolshevik leadership in the Russian Revolution.
• 1922 - Joseph Stalin succeeds Vladimir Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union.
• 1936 - Richard Bruno Hauptmann is executed for the kidnapping and death of Charles Augustus Lindbergh III, the baby son of Anne and world-famous pilot Charles Lindbergh.
• 1941 - Hungarian and German troops march into Yugoslavia.
• 1942 - World War II: Japanese forces begin an all-out assault on the United States and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula. Bataan falls on April 9 and the Bataan Death March began.
• 1946 - Japanese Lt. General Masaharu Homma is executed outside Manila in the Philippines for leading the Bataan Death March.
• 1948 - President Harry Truman signs the Marshall Plan which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.
• 1948 - On Jeju, locals simultaneously raid the island's police stations, marking the start of a civil-war-like period of violence and human rights abuses known as the Jeju massacre.
• 1953 - TV Guide debuts.
• 1955 - The American Civil Liberties Union announces it will defend Allen Ginsberg's book Howl against obscenity charges.
• 1956 - Elvis Presley sings "Heartbreak Hotel" on the Milton Berle Show, with an estimated 25% of the United States population viewing.
• 1968 - Simon and Garfunkel release the critically acclaimed album Bookends.
• 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "mountaintop" speech.
• 1969 - Vietnam War: Vietnamization - U.S. Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announces that the United States will start to "Vietnamize" the war effort.
• 1971 - In Dublin, Ireland, Séverine wins the sixteenth Eurovision Song Contest for Monaco singing "Un banc, un arbre, une rue" (A bench, a tree, a street).
• 1972 - The first ever Mobile phone call is placed in New York City
• 1974 - The Super Outbreak occurs, with 148 tornadoes affecting 13 states and 1 Canadian province in 18 hours, the biggest tornado outbreak in recorded history. The death toll is 315, with nearly 5,500 injured.
• 1974 - An F4 class tornado rips through Monticello, Indiana, killing 8 and causing $100 million in damage. Most of the damage was centered in the downtown area. Some time later, the cornerstone of the city hall is found in rural Maine.
• 1975 - Bobby Fischer refuses to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov, giving Karpov the title.
• 1976 - In The Hague, Netherlands, Brotherhood of Man wins the twenty-first Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom singing "Save Your Kisses For Me".
• 1986 - IBM unveils the PC Convertible, their first laptop computer.
• 1996 - Suspected "Unabomber" Theodore Kaczynski is arrested at his Montana cabin.
• 1996 - An Air Force 737 carrying United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown crashes in Croatia, killing all 35 on-board, including Brown.
• 1997 - Thalit massacre begins in Algeria; all but 1 of the 53 inhabitants of Thalit are killed by guerrillas.
• 2000 - United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
• 2004 - Islamist terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks are trapped by the police in their apartment and kill themselves with explosives.
• 2005 - Dave Batista becomes the World Heavyweight Champion of WWE
• 2005 - John Cena becomes the WWE Champion of WWE

April 3 - Births

• 1151 - Igor Svyatoslavich, Russian prince (d. 1202)
• 1245 - King Philip III of France (d. 1285)
• 1367 - King Henry IV of England (d. 1413)
• 1529 - Michael Neander, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1581)
• 1593 - George Herbert, English poet and orator (d. 1633)
• 1643 - Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, general of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1690)
• 1683 - Mark Catesby, English naturalist (d. 1749)
• 1693 - George Edwards, English naturalist (d. 1773)
• 1715 - John Hanson, American delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1783)
• 1715 - William Watson, English physician and scientist (d. 1787)
• 1764 - John Abernathy, English surgeon (d. 1831)
• 1769 - Christian Gunther von Bernstorff, Danish and Prussian statesman and diplomat (d. 1835)
• 1783 - Washington Irving, American author (d. 1859)
• 1814 - Lorenzo Snow, 5th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1901)
• 1822 - Edward Everett Hale, American writer, (d. 1909)
• 1823 - William Marcy Tweed, American political boss (d. 1878)
• 1880 - Otto Weininger, Austrian philosopher (d. 1903)
• 1881 - Alcide De Gasperi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1954)
• 1885 - Allan Dwan, Canadian-born American film director (d. 1981)
• 1889 - Grigoraş Dinicu, Romanian composer and violinist (d. 1949)
• 1893 - Leslie Howard, English actor (d. 1943)
• 1895 - Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (d. 1968)
• 1898 - George Jessel, American comedian (d. 1981)
• 1898 - Henry Luce, American publisher (d. 1967)
• 1904 - Iron Eyes Cody, American actor (d. 1999)
• 1913 - Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
• 1916 - Herb Caen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1997)
• 1921 - Jan Sterling, American actress (d. 2004)
• 1924 - Marlon Brando, American actor (d. 2004)
• 1924 - Doris Day, American actress
• 1925 - Tony Benn, British politician
• 1926 - Gus Grissom, astronaut (d. 1967)
• 1928 - Don Gibson, American country musician (d. 2003)
• 1928 - Kevin Hagen, American actor (d. 2005)
• 1929 - Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese actress
• 1930 - Lawton Chiles, U.S. Senator from Florida and Governor of Florida (d. 1998)
• 1930 - Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of Germany
• 1934 - Jane Goodall, English zoologist
• 1936 - Scott LaFaro, American musician (d. 1961)
• 1938 - Jeff Barry, American songwriter and record producer
• 1941 - Eric Braeden, German-born actor
• 1941 - Philippe Wynne, American musician (d. 1984)
• 1941 - Jan Berry, American musician (Jan and Dean) (d. 2004)
• 1942 - Marek Perepeczko, Polish actor (d. 2005)
• 1942 - Marsha Mason, American actress
• 1942 - Wayne Newton, American singer
• 1942 - Billy Joe Royal, American singer
• 1943 - Jonathan Lynn, British actor and comedy writer
• 1943 - Richard Manuel, Canadian musician and songwriter (d. 1986)
• 1944 - Tony Orlando, American musician
• 1948 - Carlos Salinas, President of Mexico
• 1949 - Richard Thompson, British musician and songwriter
• 1949 - Lyle Alzado, American football player
• 1954 - Elisabetta Brusa, Italian composer
• 1956 - Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (d. 1996)
• 1958 - Alec Baldwin, American actor
• 1959 - David Hyde Pierce, American actor
• 1961 - Eddie Murphy, American actor and comedian
• 1962 - Mike Ness, American musician (Social Distortion)
• 1964 - Bjarne Riis, Danish cyclist
• 1968 - Sebastian Bach, Canadian musician (Skid Row)
• 1968 - Charlotte Coleman, British actress (d. 2001)
• 1972 - Jennie Garth, American actress
• 1975 - Michael Olowokandi, Nigerian basketball player
• 1976 - Drew Shirley, American musician (Switchfoot)
• 1978 - G. M. Palmer, American poet and editor
• 1979 - Daniel Lane, British music journalist (Kerrang!)
• 1986 - Amanda Bynes, American actress and show host
• 1993 - Dakoda Dowd, American golfer

April 3 - Deaths

• 33 - Jesus (b. 1), Christian icon, believed to have conquered death on 5 April 33 (Easter Sunday)
• 963 - William III, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 915)
• 1287 - Pope Honorius IV
• 1350 - Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1295)
• 1606 - Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon, English politician (b. 1563)
• 1680 - Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire (b. 1630)
• 1682 - Bartolomé Estéban Murillo, Spanish painter (b. 1618)
• 1691 - Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter (b. 1608)
• 1695 - Melchior d'Hondecoeter, Dutch painter
• 1717 - Jacques Ozanam, French mathematician (b. 1640)
• 1728 - James Anderson, Scottish lawyer (b. 1662)
• 1792 - George Pocock, British admiral (b. 1706)
• 1792 - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, English statesman (b. 1718)
• 1827 - Ernst Chladni, German physicist (b. 1856)
• 1849 - Juliusz Słowacki, Polish poet (b. 1809)
• 1868 - Franz Berwald, Swedish composer and inventor (b. 1796)
• 1882 - Jesse James, American outlaw (b. 1847)
• 1897 - Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833)
• 1901 - Richard D'Oyly Carte, British impresario (b. 1844)
• 1932 - Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
• 1936 - Bruno Hauptmann, German killer of Charles Lindbergh III (b. 1899)
• 1950 - Kurt Weill, German composer (b. 1900)
• 1965 - Ernst Kirchweger, Austrian communist and resistance fighter, dies from injuries suffered during a demonstration
• 1971 - Joseph Valachi, American gangster (b. 1904)
• 1972 - Ferde Grofé, American composer (b. 1882)
• 1982 - Warren Oates, American character actor (b. 1928)
• 1986 - Richard Manuel, Canadian musician (The Band) (b. 1943)
• 1986 - Peter Pears, English tenor (b. 1910)
• 1987 - Tom Sestak, American football player (b. 1936)
• 1990 - Sarah Vaughn, American singer (b. 1924)
• 1991 - Graham Greene, English writer (b. 1904)
• 1991 - Charles Goren, American bridge player, writer, and columnist (b. 1901)
• 1993 - Pinky Lee, American children's television host (b. 1907)
• 1996 - Ron Brown, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (b. 1941)
• 1996 - Carl Stokes, Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio (b. 1927)
• 1998 - Rob Pilatus, American entertainer and criminal (Milli Vanilli) (b. 1965)
• 2000 - Terence McKenna, American writer and philosopher (b. 1946)
• 2002 - Frank Tovey (aka Fad Gadget), British singer and musician (b. 1956)
• 2005 - Tony Croatto, Italian-born singer (b. 1940)

April 3 - Holidays and observances

In Iran, people play jokes on each other on April 3, the 13th day of the Persian calendar new year (Norooz). This day is called "Sizdah bedar" (Out-door thirteen). It is believed that people should go out on this date in order to escape the bad luck of number 13.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "April 3", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki