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Acetic acid - History | | Acetic acid - History: Encyclopedia II - Acetic acid - History | | Vinegar is as old as civilization itself, perhaps older. Acetic acid-producing bacteria are present throughout the world, and any culture practicing the brewing of beer or wine inevitably discovered vinegar as the natural result of these alcoholic beverages being exposed to air.
The use of acetic acid in chemistry extends into antiquity. In the 3rd century BC, the Greek philosopher Theophrastos described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a ...
See also:Acetic acid, Acetic acid - Nomenclature, Acetic acid - History, Acetic acid - Chemical properties, Acetic acid - Biochemistry, Acetic acid - Production, Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation, Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation, Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation, Acetic acid - Fermentation, Acetic acid - Applications, Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer, Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride, Acetic acid - Ester production, Acetic acid - Vinegar, Acetic acid - Use as solvent, Acetic acid - Other applications, Acetic acid - Safety | | | Acetic acid, Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation, Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride, Acetic acid - Applications, Acetic acid - Biochemistry, Acetic acid - Chemical properties, Acetic acid - Ester production, Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation, Acetic acid - Fermentation, Acetic acid - History, Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation, Acetic acid - Nomenclature, Acetic acid - Other applications, Acetic acid - Production, Acetic acid - Safety, Acetic acid - Use as solvent, Acetic acid - Vinegar, Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer, Vinegar, Pickling, a food preservation method, Acetic acid bacteria, produce vinegar from alcoholic solutions, Acetic acid (data page), Acetobacter, an important genus of acetic acid bacteria, Descaling agent, often contains acetic acid | | |
| | | Acetic acid: Encyclopedia II - Acetic acid - History
Acetic acid - History
Vinegar is as old as civilization itself, perhaps older. Acetic acid-producing bacteria are present throughout the world, and any culture practicing the brewing of beer or wine inevitably discovered vinegar as the natural result of these alcoholic beverages being exposed to air.
The use of acetic acid in chemistry extends into antiquity. In the 3rd century BC, the Greek philosopher Theophrastos described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate. Ancient Romans boiled soured wine in lead pots to produce a highly sweet syrup called sapa. Sapa was rich in lead acetate, a sweet substance also called sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn, which contributed to lead poisoning among the Roman aristocracy. The 8th century Persian alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) concentrated acetic acid from vinegar through distillation.
In the Renaissance, glacial acetic acid was prepared through the dry distillation of metal acetates. The 16th century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described such a procedure, and he compared the glacial acetic acid produced by this means to vinegar. The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid's properties that for centuries many chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances. The French chemist Pierre Adet proved them to be identical.
In 1847 the German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesised acetic acid from inorganic materials for the first time. This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid, and concluded with electrolytic reduction to acetic acid.[1]
By 1910 most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the "pyroligneous liquor" from distillation of wood. The acetic acid was isolated from this by treatment with milk of lime, and the resultant calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid. At this time Germany was producing 10,000 tons of glacial acetic acid, around 30% of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye.[2][3]
Other related archivesAcetaldehyde, Acetate, Acetic acid (data page), Acetic acid bacteria, Acetic anhydride, Acetobacter, Acetyl group, Acetyl-coenzyme A, Aluminium, Andreas Libavius, BASF, BP Chemicals, British Celanese, C2H4, C2H5OH, C4H10, C6H12O6, CH3CHO, CH3COONa, CH3I, CH3OH, CO, CO2, Carboxylic acid, Cativa, Celanese, Chloroacetic acids, Clostridium, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Copper(II) acetate, Descaling agent, E262, EU classification, Eastman, Esters, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, European, Fatty acid, Fischer esterification, Formic acid, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, German, Greek, H2, H2O, H3C-CO-O-CH=CH2, H3C-CO-O-R, H+, HI, HO-R, Heck reaction, Hermann Kolbe, IUPAC, Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), Japan, Latex, Latin, Liquid, M, Mg, Millennium Chemicals, Monochloroacetic acid, Monsanto, Monsanto process, NaHCO3, O2, Oita, Palladium(II) acetate, Pickling, Pierre Adet, Propionic acid, Renaissance, Romans, Samsung, Saturn, Showa Denko, Sodium acetate, Sterling Chemicals, Svensk Etanolkemi, Theophrastos, Tishchenko reaction, Trifluoroacetic acid, United States, Vinegar, Vosol, Wacker process, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, above, absorbs, acetaldehyde, acetate, acetates, acetic anhydride, acetogenic bacteria, acetyl, acetyl chloride, acetylation, acid, acid-base reactions, acidity, acidity regulator, acrylic lacquers, actinium, adhesives, air, alcohol, alkyl group, aluminium oxide, amides, anaerobic bacteria, anhydride, aniline, anion, antibacterial, apple cider, aq, aqueous, arsenic trioxide, aryl, aspirin, atm, bacteria, baking soda, base, beer, blood, boiling points, box jellyfish, brewing, butane, butanone, butyl acetate, cacodyl oxide, calcium acetate, camphor, carbocations, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, carbon tetrachloride, carboxyl group, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acids, catalysed, catalyst, catalysts, cellulose acetate, charcoal, chemical compound, chemical element, chemical equation, chemical nomenclature, chemical reactions, chemical reagent, chlorination, chloroform, chromium, chromium(II) acetate, coatings, cobalt, coenzyme A, colour reaction, complex, condensation, condiment, convection, copper, copper(II) acetate, corrosive, crystalline, culture, descaling agents, dielectric constant, digestive system, dimers, dissociate, distillation, dry distillation, dyes, electrolytic, elements, empirical formula, ester, esters, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl bromoacetate, ethylene, ethylene oxide, excreted, explosive limits, fats, fatty acids, fermentation, food additive code, food industry, foodstuffs, formaldehyde, formic acid, fungal, fungicide, g, glue, grain, grapes, greener, group, heroin, heteropoly acid, hexane, household, humans, hydrogen, hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic, hygroscopic, indigo dye, inks, inorganic, iodine, iodomethane, ion, ions, iridium, iron, iron(II) acetate, iron(III) chloride, isobutyl acetate, ketene, l, lead acetate, lead carbonate, lead poisoning, limescale, liquid, loss of water, magnesium, malodorous, malt, manganese, metabolism, metals, methane, methanol, milk of lime, miscibility, monomer, monoprotic acid, mordants, must, naphtha, nitrile rubber, nitro, nitrocellulose, nucleophile, nucleophilic acyl substitution, organic, organic synthesis, outer ear infections, oxidation, oxygen, pH, pKa, paints, palladium, perchloric acid, peroxides, petrochemical, photographic film, pickling, pigment, pigments, polar, polyethylene terephthalate, polymers, polyvinyl acetate, potato, preservative, pressures, primates, propionic acid, propyl acetate, propylene oxide, protic solvent, proton, pyrolysis, reagent, rearranged, recrystallisation, reducing, reduction, rhodium, rice, ruthenium, s, salt, silage, soil, solid, solutions, solvent, solvents, stop bath, sugars, sulfur, sulfuric acid, synthesised, temperature, terephthalic acid, tetrachloroethylene, textile, tonnes, tons, triacetin, trichloroacetic acid, triglycerides, trivial name, tungstosilicic acid, vaginal lubrication, varnish, verdigris, vinegar, vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), water, weak acid, wine, winemaking, yeast, zinc, °C
 Adapted from the Wikipedia article "History", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki |
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