1918: Encyclopedia - 1918

1918

1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

1918 - Events

1918 - January-February

• January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson announces his "Fourteen Points" for the aftermath of World War I.
• January 22 - Manitoba, Canada film censor board bans comedies
• January 24 - a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia since February 1 (Julian calendar date), issued
• January 28 - Vladimir Lenin decrees the establishment of the Red Army.
• February 3 - The Twin Peaks Tunnel begins service in San Francisco as the longest streetcar tunnel in the world (11,920 feet long).
• February 8 - The Stars and Stripes newspaper
• February 14 - The Soviet Union adopts the Gregorian calendar (1 February according to the Julian calendar). As a consequence the anniversary of the Russian Revolution, previously October, now falls in November.
• February 16 - Lithuania declares its independence from both Russia and Germany
• February 18 - White Cossack troops retreat from the Don after advancing Bolsheviks
• February 24 - Estonia declares its independence from Russia
• February 26 - Grandstands at the Hong Kong Jockey Club collapse - 604 dead

1918 - March-April

• March 1 - German submarine U 19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island, Nothern Ireland.
• March 3 - World War I: Germany, Austria and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending Russia's involvement in the war.
• March 5 - The Soviet Russia moves its national capital from Petrograd to Moscow
• March 6 - Finnish Air Force founded. The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Buddhist symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia.
• March 7 - World War I: Finland forms an alliance with Germany.
• March 12 – Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet Russia
• March 19 - The U.S. Congress establishes time zones and approves daylight saving time (DST went into effect on March 31).
• March 21 - World War I: Second Battle of the Somme begins
• March 23 - The giant German cannon, the so called Paris Gun begins to shell Paris from 114 km (75 miles) away
• March 23 - In London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E Robinson, US-born magician) dies during his trick where he was supposed to "catch" two separate bullets – one of them perforates his lung. He dies the following morning in hospital.
• March 23 - The Social Revolutionary Party declares Belorussia independent; Bolshevik armies soon crush them
• March 25 - for the first time Belarus declares independence.
• April 1 - The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service are merged to form the Royal Air Force.

1918 - May-July

• May 1 - German troops enter Don province - they take Rostov May 6
• May 2 - General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor Company of Delaware.
• May 15 - The Post Office Department (later renamed the USPS) begins the first regular airmail service in the world (between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC).
• May 16 - The Sedition Act of 1918 is approved by US Congress.
• May 26 - The Democratic Republic of Georgia is established.
• May 28 - Azerbaijan declared independence and established the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. This first Muslim republic in the world.
• May 28 - Armenia gains independence from the Ottoman Empire
• June 1 - World War I: Battle for Belleau Wood begins.
• July - The Siberian Expedition is launched to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian civil war.
• July 4 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mehmed V (Resad) (1909-1918) to Mehmed VI (Vahdettin) (1918-1922)
• July 9 - Great train wreck of 1918: In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express killing 101.
• July 15 - World War I: Second Battle of the Marne - The battle begins near the River Marne with a German attack.
• July 16 - Russian Revolution: At Ekaterinburg, Bolsheviks execute Czar Nicholas II of Russia and his family.

1918 - August-October

• August - "Spanish Flu" Influenza becomes pandemic; over twenty-five million people die in the following six months (three times as many as died during the war).
• August 1 - British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy Archangel, Russia. August 10 commander is told to help White Russians
• August 1 - Emma Susan Daugherty Banister becomes the first female sheriff in the United States following the death of her husband, John Riley Banister.
• August 8 - World War I: Battle of Amiens - Canadian troops, backed by Australians, begin a string of almost continuous victories with a push through the German front lines. German General Erich Ludendorff will later call this the "black day of the German army."
• August 30 - Strike of 20,000 London policemen with demands of increased pay and union recognition.
• August 30 - Fanya Kaplan tries to shoot Lenin. Petrograd head of Cheka is assassinated the same day.
• September 11 - The Boston Red Sox defeat the Chicago Cubs for the 1918 World Series championship. (their last World Series win until 2004)
• September 28 - Don Voisko adopts a constitution including declaration of independence. Collapse of Imperial Germany makes it void
• October 3 - Kaiser makes Max von Baden a German chancellor.
• October 3 - Poland declares independence.
• October 8 - World War I - In the Argonne Forest in France, US Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132.
• October 25 - The Princess Sophia sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska, 353 people die in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest.
• October 28 - Czechoslovakia declares its independence on Austria-Hungary.
• October 28 - New Polish government in Western Galicia (Central Europe)

1918 - November

• November 1 - Malbone Street Wreck: the worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead.
• November 1 - Ruthenia in eastern Czechoslovakia declares brief independence
• November 3 - World War I: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the Allies.
• November 3 - Poland declares its independence from Russia.
• November 4 - World War I: Austria-Hungary surrenders to Italy.
• November 4 - Mutiny in the German fleet at Kiel begin the German Revolution.
• November 6 - A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin.
• November 8 - German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser
• November 9 - Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands.
• November 9 - Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic.
• November 11 - World War I ends: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside of Compiègne in France.
• November 11 - Poland regains independence after 123 years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief.
• November 11 - Emperor Charles I of Austria abdicates.
• November 12 - Austria becomes a republic.
• November 14 - Czechoslovakia becomes a republic.
• November 14 - Józef Piłsudski is appointed head of state of Poland
• November 16 - Hungary declares independence from Austria
• November 16 - Hungarian People's Republic declared
• November 18 - Latvia declares its independence from Russia.
• November 22 - Spartacist League founds German Communist Party
• November 22 - Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war
• November 26 - the Podgorica Assembly voted for "union of the people", declaring a joining into the Kingdom of Serbia

1918 - December

• December 1 - Iceland becomes a self-governing kingdom, yet remains united with Denmark.
• December 1 - New voting laws in Sweden. Votes no longer dependent on taxable assets. One person, one vote.
• December 1 - Proclamation of Union of Alba Iulia. Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with Romania.
• December 1 - The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed.
• December 4 - US President Woodrow Wilson sails for the Paris_Peace_Conference, becoming the first US president to travel to Europe while in office.
• December 27 - Beginning of Great Poland Uprising, the Poles in Greater Poland (or Grand Duchy of Poznań rise against the Germans.
• December 28 - Constance Markiewicz becomes the first woman elected to the House of Commons.

1918 - Unknown dates

• Finnish Civil War between the Reds and the Whites, January - April.
• Habsburg Empire ceases to exist.
• Grand Duchy of Baden ceases to exist.
• British occupy Palestine
• Katla erupts in Iceland.
• Native American Church is founded.
• Ernest Ansermet founds the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande.
• John Riley Banister becomes sherrif of Coleman County, Texas.
• Clifton Hillegass, American author born (d. 2001)
• Association Against the Prohibition Amendment founded to promote repeal of prohibition in U.S.

1918 - Births

1918 - January-February

• January 10 - Arthur Chung, President of Guyana
• January 15 - Gamal Abdal Nasser, President of Egypt (d. 1970)
• January 16 - Nel Benschop, Dutch poetess (d. 2005)
• January 16 - Stirling Silliphant, American writer and producer (d. 1996)
• January 19 - John H. Johnson, American publisher, (d. 2005)
• January 20 - Esquivel, Mexican musician (d. 2002)
• January 23 - Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999)
• January 25 - Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster
• January 26 - Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romanian dictator (d. 1989)
• January 26 - Philip José Farmer, American writer
• January 27 - Skitch Henderson, English-born musician and bandleader (d. 2005)
• January 29 - John Forsythe, American actor
• February 1 - Dame Muriel Spark, Scottish author
• February 3 - Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994)
• February 6 - Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author
• February 8 - Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler (d. 2003)
• February 12 - Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
• February 17 - William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999)
• February 22 - Robert Pershing Wadlow, American record-holder as the tallest man (d. 1940)
• February 25 - Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996)
• February 25 - Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995)
• February 26 - Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985)

1918 - March-April

• March 1 - Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973)
• March 1 - João Goulart, President of Brazil (d. 1976)
• March 3 - Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• March 3 - Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000)
• March 5 - James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
• March 9 - George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967)
• March 9 - Mickey Spillane, American mystery writer
• March 11 - Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956)
• March 12 - Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989)
• March 16 - Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
• March 17 - Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (d. 2004)
• March 18 - Al Benton, baseball player (d. 1968)
• March 18 - Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005)
• March 22 - Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (d. 1997)
• March 25 - Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995)
• March 29 - Pearl Bailey, American singer and actress (d. 1990)
• April 9 - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect
• April 16 - Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002)
• April 20 - Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
• April 22 - Mickey Vernon, baseball player
• April 26 - Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (d. 2004)

1918 - May-August

• May 1 - Jack Paar, American television show host (d. 2004)
• May 3 - Benjamin C. Thompson, American architect (d. 2002)
• May 9 - Mike Wallace, American journalist
• May 9 - Orville L. Freeman, American politician (d. 2003)
• May 11 - Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
• May 12 - Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953)
• May 15 - Eddy Arnold, American singer
• May 16 - Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000)
• May 17 - Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano
• May 20 - Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
• June 6 - Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• June 18 - Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• June 18 - Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
• July 4 - Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)
• July 4 - Abigail Van Buren, American advice columnist and twin sister to Ann Landers
• July 5 - George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)
• July 13 - Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955)
• July 14 - Ingmar Bergman Swedish film director
• July 15 - Bertram N. Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
• July 17 - Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003)
• July 18 - Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
• July 24 - Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist
• July 27 - Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984)
• July 31 - Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• August 3 - Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999)
• August 5 - Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. 2004)
• August 8 - Brian Stonehouse, English painter and World War II spy (d. 1998)
• August 13 - Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• August 25 - Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (d. 1990)
• August 30 - Ted Williams, American baseball player (d. 2002)

1918 - September-December

• September 4 - Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster
• September 8 - Derek Harold Richard Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
• September 22 - Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (d. 1988)
• September 27 - Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1984)
• October 4 - Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
• October 5 - Roland Garros, French pilot (shot down) (b. 1888)
• October 8 - Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• October 19 - Louis Althusser, French philosopher (d. 1990)
• October 31 - Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist
• November 3 - Russell B. Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003)
• November 4 - Art Carney, American actor (d. 2003)
• November 10 - Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• November 13 - Jack Elam, American actor (d. 2003)
• December 8 - Gérard Souzay, French baritone (d. 2004)
• December 11 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
• December 12 - Joe Williams, American jazz singer (d. 1999)
• December 15 - Jeff Chandler, American actor (d. 1961)
• December 21 - Donald Regan, Chief of Staff and U.S. Treasury Secretary (d. 2003)
• December 21 - Kurt Waldheim, Secretary-General of the United Nations and President of Austria
• December 23 - José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer (d. 2001)
• December 25 - Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1981)

1918 - Deaths

• January 6 - Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845)
• January 9 - Émile Reynaud, French science teacher and maker of the first animated films (b. 1844)
• January 28 - John McCrae, Canadian soldier and poet (b. 1872)
• February 6 - Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter (b. 1862)
• February 10 - Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1833)
• March 13 - César Cui, Lithuanian composer (b. 1835)
• March 25 - Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862)
• March 27 - Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838)
• April 20 - Karl Ferdinand Braun, German phyicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
• April 21 - Manfred von Richthofen, "Red Baron", German World War I pilot (b, 1892)
• May 14 - James Gordon Bennett, Jr., American newspaper publisher (b. 1841)
• May 19 - Raoul Lufbery, American World War I pilot (b. 1885)
• June 10 - Arrigo Boito, Italian poet and composer (b. 1842)
• July 3 - Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1844)
• July 17 - Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1868) and his family (executed)
• August 1 - John Riley Banister, law officer, cowboy, and Texas Ranger (b. 1854)
• August 18 - Henry Norwest, Canadian World War I sniper (b. 1884)
• September 12 - George Reid, fourth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1845)
• September 28 - Georg Simmel, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1858)
• October 22 - Myrtle Gonzalez, American stage and screen actress (b. 1891)
• November 4 - Wilfred Owen, English poet (killed in action) (b. 1893)
• November 9 - Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (b. 1880)
• November 19 - Joseph Fielding Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838)

1918 - Nobel Prizes

• Physics - Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
• Chemistry - Fritz Haber
• Medicine - not awarded
• Literature - not awarded
• Peace - not awarded

Category: 1918

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "1918", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki