1270s: Encyclopedia II - 1270s - War and politics

1270s - War and politics

1270s - Europe

• 1271 - July 2 - Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II.
• 1272 - Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durres in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom.
• 1272 - King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro.
• 1273 - September 29 - Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne.
• 1273 - King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Bratislava from Hungary.
• 1274 - November - The diet at Nuremberg orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor be restored to Rudolph I of Germany; almost all European rulers agree, with the notable exception of King Otakar II of Bohemia, who had benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.
• 1275 - Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Wales; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
• 1275 - Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.
• 1276 - June - King Rudolph I of Germany declares war on King Otakar II of Bohemia, a political rival; by November, Otakar II is forced to cede four important territories as demanded by the diet of Nuremberg in 1274.
• 1276 - Four different men are pope over the course of the year, as Popes Gregory X, Innocent V, and Adrian V all die in quick succession.
• 1277 - Llywelyn ap Gruffyd is subdued by King Edward I of England in the First Welsh War.
• 1278 - August 26 - Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the middle ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.

• 1271 - The County of Toulouse passes to the French crown via the Treaty of Languedoc.
• 1272 - The city of Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
• 1276 - March 9 - Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City. Ravensburg also does in the same year.
• 1278 - The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Spanish Bishop of Urgell and the French Count of Foix.

• 1271 - September 1 - Pope Gregory X is elected pope by compromise between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever.
• 1274 - Pope Gregory X decrees that conclaves (meetings during which the electors have no contact with the outside) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over three years to elect him.
• 1275 - April 22 - The first of the Statutes of Westminster are passed by the English parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses.
• 1279 - The first of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under king Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church.

1270s - Asia and Africa

• 1270 - In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo Dynasty, a puppet government of the Mongol Empire.
• 1270 - The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate empire (approximate date).
• 1271 - December 18 - Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuan2), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.
• 1271 - The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Mongol Empire's Yuan Dynasty.
• 1273 - January 31 - The six-year long battle of Xiangyang ends as commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.
• 1273 - In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government of the Mongol Empire) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Mongol and Goryeo forces.
• 1274 - November 20 - The Mongol Empire attempts the first of several invasions of Japan; after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun'ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet. Credit for the storm — called a kamikaze, or divine wind — is given by the Japanese to the god Raiden.
• 1275 - Invading Mongol forces capture the Chinese city of Suzhou.
• 1275 - Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Mongol Empire.
• 1275 - The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
• 1276 - February - The court of the Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong in an effort to escape an invasion by the Mongol Empire.
• 1277 - Burma's Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at the Battle of Ngasaunggyan, at Yunnan near the Chinese border.
• 1277 - Leaders and some 50,000 citizens of the Southern Song Dynasty of China become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau, as they seek refuge from the invading Mongol Empire.
• 1277 - In Japan, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay in Fukuoka is completed; it is built in response to the attempted invasion by the Mongol Empire in 1274.
• 1279 - March 19 - Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yamen. This completes the Mongol conquest of China and exterminates the Song Dynasty.
• 1279 - A Mongol diplomatic party sent by Kublai Khan to Japan is killed by Japan's regent Hojo Tokimune, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in 1281.

• 1270 - The Eighth Crusade:
  • 1270 - Before August - King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade in an attempt to recapture the crusader states from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.
  • 1270 - August 25 - King Louis IX of France dies while besieging the city of Tunis, possibly due to poor quality drinking water.
  • 1270 - October 30 - The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end by an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (Louis IX's brother) and the sultan of Tunis.
• 1270 - The ancient city of Ashkelon is captured from the crusader states and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate and the city never to be rebuilt.
• 1271 - April 8 - Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.
• 1271 - Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.
• 1271 - Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars; however, they are unable to capture any territory and a peace is quickly negotiated.
• 1272 - Baibars invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.
• 1276 - Baibars conquers Al-Maris, previously part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.
• 1277 - Baibars invades Anatolia and captures the emirates which once composed the Sultanate of Rüm.
• 1277 - June 1 - Baibars dies in Syria; his son Baraka Khan takes his place to become sultan of Egypt and Syria.
• 1279 - Mamluk sultan Baraka Khan and emir Qalawun of Egypt invade Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away forces Baraka to abdicate and allows Qalawun to become sultan.

• 1270 - The independent state of Kutch is founded in present-day India.
• 1279 - The Chola Dynasty of South India falls under attacks by the Hoysala Empire and Pandyan kingdom.

• 1270 - Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, claims the throne and establishes the Solomonid dynasty (approximate date).

1270s - Americas

• 1276 - A severe 23-year drought begins to affect the Grand Canyon area, eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent Anasazi culture to migrate out of the region.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article "War and politics", under the G.N U Free Docmentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki