960

Chinese art - Song poetry. Ci is a kind of lyric Chinese poetry. Beginning in the Liang Dynasty, the ci followed the tradition of the Shi Jing and the yue fu: they were lyrics which developed from anonymous popular songs (some of Central Asian origin) into a sophisticated literary genre. The form was further developed in the Tang Dynasty, and was most popular in the Song Dynasty. Ci most often expressed feelings of desire, often in an adopted persona, but the greatest exponents of the form (su ...

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Chinese art, Chinese art - Historical development to 221 BC, Chinese art - Neolithic pottery, Chinese art - Jade culture, Chinese art - Bronze casting, Chinese art - Early Chinese music, Chinese art - Early Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Chu and Southern culture, Chinese art - Early imperial China 221 BC–AD 220, Chinese art - Qin sculpture, Chinese art - Pottery, Chinese art - Han poetry, Chinese art - Han architecture, Chinese art - Other Han art, Chinese art - Period of division 220–581, Chinese art - Influence of Buddhism, Chinese art - Secular culture, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Calligraphy, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Sui and Tang dynasties 581–960, Chinese art - Buddhist architecture and sculpture, Chinese art - Golden age of Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Li Po and Du Fu, Chinese art - Late Tang poetry, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Song and Yuan dynasties 960–1368, Chinese art - Song poetry, Chinese art - Song painting, Chinese art - Yuan drama, Chinese art - Yuan painting, Chinese art - Late imperial China 1368–1895, Chinese art - Ming Poetry, Chinese art - Ming prose, Chinese art - Ming painting, Chinese art - Qing drama, Chinese art - Qing poetry, Chinese art - Early Qing painting, Chinese art - Decorative arts, Chinese art - Qing fiction, Chinese art - Modern Chinese art, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Influence of the West, Chinese art - People's arts, Chinese art - Contemporary art since 1979, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts, Chinese art - Unsorted, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts

Read more here: » Chinese art: Encyclopedia II - Chinese art - The Song and Yuan dynasties 960–1368

Chinese art - Ming Poetry. Gao Qi is acknowledged by many as the greatest poet of the Ming Dynasty. His poems are departure of those of earlier dynasties and formed a new style of poetry in the Ming dynasty Chinese art - Ming prose. Zhang Dai is acknowledged as the greatest essayist of the Ming dynasty. Wen Zhenheng, the great grandson of Wen Zhengming, wrote a classic on garden architecture and interior design, Zhang Wu Zhi (On Superfluous Things).See also:

Chinese art, Chinese art - Historical development to 221 BC, Chinese art - Neolithic pottery, Chinese art - Jade culture, Chinese art - Bronze casting, Chinese art - Early Chinese music, Chinese art - Early Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Chu and Southern culture, Chinese art - Early imperial China 221 BC–AD 220, Chinese art - Qin sculpture, Chinese art - Pottery, Chinese art - Han poetry, Chinese art - Han architecture, Chinese art - Other Han art, Chinese art - Period of division 220–581, Chinese art - Influence of Buddhism, Chinese art - Secular culture, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Calligraphy, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Sui and Tang dynasties 581–960, Chinese art - Buddhist architecture and sculpture, Chinese art - Golden age of Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Li Po and Du Fu, Chinese art - Late Tang poetry, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Song and Yuan dynasties 960–1368, Chinese art - Song poetry, Chinese art - Song painting, Chinese art - Yuan drama, Chinese art - Yuan painting, Chinese art - Late imperial China 1368–1895, Chinese art - Ming Poetry, Chinese art - Ming prose, Chinese art - Ming painting, Chinese art - Qing drama, Chinese art - Qing poetry, Chinese art - Early Qing painting, Chinese art - Decorative arts, Chinese art - Qing fiction, Chinese art - Modern Chinese art, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Influence of the West, Chinese art - People's arts, Chinese art - Contemporary art since 1979, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts, Chinese art - Unsorted, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts

Read more here: » Chinese art: Encyclopedia II - Chinese art - Late imperial China 1368–1895

Chinese art - Qin sculpture. The Terracotta Army, inside the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, consists of more than 7,000 life-size tomb terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses buried with the self-proclaimed first Emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huang) in 210–209 BC. The figures were painted before being placed into the vault. The original colors were visible when the pieces were first unearthed. However, exposure to air caused the pigments ...

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Chinese art, Chinese art - Historical development to 221 BC, Chinese art - Neolithic pottery, Chinese art - Jade culture, Chinese art - Bronze casting, Chinese art - Early Chinese music, Chinese art - Early Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Chu and Southern culture, Chinese art - Early imperial China 221 BC–AD 220, Chinese art - Qin sculpture, Chinese art - Pottery, Chinese art - Han poetry, Chinese art - Han architecture, Chinese art - Other Han art, Chinese art - Period of division 220–581, Chinese art - Influence of Buddhism, Chinese art - Secular culture, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Calligraphy, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Sui and Tang dynasties 581–960, Chinese art - Buddhist architecture and sculpture, Chinese art - Golden age of Chinese poetry, Chinese art - Li Po and Du Fu, Chinese art - Late Tang poetry, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - The Song and Yuan dynasties 960–1368, Chinese art - Song poetry, Chinese art - Song painting, Chinese art - Yuan drama, Chinese art - Yuan painting, Chinese art - Late imperial China 1368–1895, Chinese art - Ming Poetry, Chinese art - Ming prose, Chinese art - Ming painting, Chinese art - Qing drama, Chinese art - Qing poetry, Chinese art - Early Qing painting, Chinese art - Decorative arts, Chinese art - Qing fiction, Chinese art - Modern Chinese art, Chinese art - Painting, Chinese art - Poetry, Chinese art - Influence of the West, Chinese art - People's arts, Chinese art - Contemporary art since 1979, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts, Chinese art - Unsorted, Chinese art - Performing arts, Chinese art - Visual arts

Read more here: » Chinese art: Encyclopedia II - Chinese art - Early imperial China 221 BC–AD 220

List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans. In 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Caesar; his successors continued this claim. See Ottomans for the complete list of Ottoman sultans. ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople

List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Philippicus Bardanes (Φιλιππικός Βαρδάνης) (ruled 711 - 713) – Armenian soldier; deposed & mutilated Anastasius II (Αναστάσιος Β') ( ? - 721, ruled 713 - 715) – orig. Artemios; secretary of Philippicus; deposed & entered monastery, later revolted & was executed ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty

List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Leo V the Armenian (Λέων Ε' ο Αρμένιος) (775 - 820, ruled 813 - 820) – Strategos; assassinated ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty

List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Michael VI the Bellicose (Μιχαήλ ΣΤ' ο Στρατιωτικός) (ruled 1056 - 1057) – chosen by Theodora; deposed & entered monastery ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty

Hebei's main agricultural products are cotton and cereal crops including wheat, maize, millet, and sorghum. Hebei is responsible for most of the cotton produced in China. Other industrial crops like peanut, soya bean and sesame are also produced. Large quantities of coal and iron can be found in Hebei. Hebei's industries mainly include textiles, coal, steel, iron, engineering industry, chemical production, petroleum, electricity, ceramics and food. In 2003: GDP: 709.54 billion Renminbi GDP per capita: 10508 Renminbi GDP growth rate: 11.6% Employment by industry (primary/secondary/tertia ...

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Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Economy

The population is mostly Han Chinese with minorities of Mongol, Manchu, Korean, and Hui Chinese. In 2001: Birth rate: 11.16 births/1000 population Death rate: 6.18 births/1000 population Sex ratio: 103.63 males/100 females Average family size: 3.59 Illiteracy rate (total/male/female): 8.59% / 6.47% / 10.76% ...

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Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Demographics

Main article: Khazars in fiction The question of mass religious conversion is a central theme in Milorad Pavić's international bestselling novel Dictionary of the Khazars. The novel, however, contained many invented elements and had little to do with actual Khazar history. More recently, several novels, including H.N. Turteltaub's Justinian (about the life of Justinian II) and Marek Halter's Book of Abraham and Wind of the Khazars have dealt either directly or indirectly with the topic of ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - In Fiction

Valois Dynasty 1573-1574 — Henryk III Walezy (abandoned the Polish-Lithuanian throne) Jagiellon Dynasty 1575-1586 — Anna Jagiellon (from 1576, reigned together with her husband, Stefan Batory) House of Báthory 1576-1586 — Stefan Batory (reigned together with his wife, Anna Jagiellon) Vasa Dynasty 1587-1632 — Zygmunt III Vasa 1632-1648 — Władysław IV Vasa 1648-1668 — Jan II Kazimierz Vasa (abdicated) House of Wi� ...

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List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Fragmentation, List of Polish monarchs - Late Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons, List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw, List of Polish monarchs - Congress Kingdom, List of Polish monarchs - Grand Duchy of Poznań

Read more here: » List of Polish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Habsburg Dynasty 1772-1780 — Maria Theresa of Austria 1780-1790 — Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 1790-1792 — Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 1792-1835 — Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 1835-1848 — Ferdinand I of Austria 1848-1916 — Franz Joseph I of Austria 1916-1918 — Karl I of Austria List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw. Wettin Dynasty 1807-1815 — Frederick Augustus I of S ...

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List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Fragmentation, List of Polish monarchs - Late Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons, List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw, List of Polish monarchs - Congress Kingdom, List of Polish monarchs - Grand Duchy of Poznań

Read more here: » List of Polish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918

Lviv - Location. Lviv is located at geographical co-ordinates 49°50′45″N, 24°01′38″E, on the verge of the Roztocze Upland, approximately seventy kilometres from the Polish border. Lviv's altitude averages 289 metres above sea level although there are many hills located within the confines of the city. The city's highest point is Vysokyy Zamok (the High Castle), a hill ...

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Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans

Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Geography

Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion. The date of the conversion, and whether it occurred as one event or as a sequence of events over time, is widely disputed. The issues surrounding this controversy are discussed above. The number of Khazars who converted to Judaism is also hotly contested. D.M. Dunlop was of the opinion that only the upper class converted; this was the majority view until relatively recently. The relatively sudden shift in burial customs during the mid 800s suggests a more widespread conversion, which hypothesis has been rece ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Debate

Khazars - Rise of Rus. Originally the Khazars were probably allied with various Norse factions who controlled the region around Novgorod and regularly travelled through Khazar-held territory to attack territories around the Black and Caspian Seas. By 913, however, the Khazars were engaged in open hostilities with Norse marauders. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel, constructed with Byzantine aid around 830, may have been constructed as a defense against Rus incursions, as well as atta ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Decline and fall

Khazars - Turkic shamanism. Originally, the Khazars practiced traditional Turkic shamanism, focused on the sky god Tengri, but were heavily influenced by Confucian ideas imported from China, notably that of the Mandate of Heaven. The Ashina clan were considered to be the chosen of Tengri and the kaghan was the incarnation of the favor the sky-god bestowed on the Turks. A kaghan who failed had clearly lost the god's favor and was typically ritually executed. Historians have sometimes wondered, only half in jest, if the Khazar tendency to occasionally execute their rulers on religious grounds le ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Khazar religion

Khazars - Khazar Kingship. Main Articles: Khagan; Khagan Bek; for names of Khazar rulers see List of Khazar rulers. Khazar kingship was divided between the khagan and the Bek or Khagan Bek. Contemporary Arab historians related that the Khagan was purely a spiritual ruler or figurehead with limited powers, while the Bek was responsible for administration and military affairs. Both the Khagan and the Khagan Bek lived in Itil. The Khagan's palace, according to Arab sources, was on an island in the Volga River. He was reported to have 25 wives, each the daughter of a client ruler; this ma ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Government

Khazars - Trade. The Khazars occupied a prime trade nexus. Goods from western Europe travelled east to Central Asia and China and vice versa, and the Muslim world could only interact with northern Europe via Khazar intermediaries. The Radanites, a guild of medieval Jewish merchants, had a trade route that ran through Khazaria, and may have been instrumental in the Khazars' conversion to Judaism. No Khazar paid taxes to the central government. Revenue came from a 10% levy on goods transiting through the reg ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Economic position

The Khazar Khaganate was, at its height, an immensely powerful state. The Khazar heartland was on the lower Volga and the Caspian coast as far south as Derbent. In addition, from the late 600s the Khazars controlled most of the Crimea and the northeast littoral of the Black Sea. By 800 Khazar holdings included most of the Pontic steppe as far west as the Dneiper and as far east as the Aral Sea (some Turkic history atlases show the Khazar sphere of influence extending well east of the Aral). During the Khazar-Arab war of the early 700s, some Khazars evacuated to the Ural foothills, and some settlements may have remained. < ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Extent of influence

Lviv - Administrative division. Lviv is divided in 6 distinct entities called raions with their own administrative bodies: Halyts'ky (Галицький район) Zaliznychny (Залізничний район) Lychakivs'ky (Личаківський район) Sykhivsky (Сихівський район) Frankivs'ky (Франківський район) Shevchenkivs'ky (Шевченківський район) Notable suburbs are: Vynnyky (місто Винники) Brokhovychi (селище Брюховичі) Rud ...

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Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans

Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Government

Lviv - Buses. As in most Ukrainian cities, the public bus network is not well-developed and the number of lines is limited. A cheap alternative to the public transport are the "marshrutky", which are small private-run mini-vans/mini-buses cruising around the city and the suburbs. Marshrutky do not have any fixed stops nor timetables, yet their services are relatively cheap, fast and efficient. The marshrutky also run on suburban lines to most towns of the region including the line to Shehyni (Шегині) at the Polish border. ...

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Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans

Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Public Transportation

In 1918, a Republic was established. The head of state is the Federal President (Bundespräsident), the (in practice much more important) head of government is the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler). For lists of officeholders, see List of Federal Presidents of Austria Chancellor of Austria ...

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List of rulers of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Origins, List of rulers of Austria - Margraves of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Dukes of Austria from 1155, List of rulers of Austria - Babenberg Dukes, List of rulers of Austria - Interregnum, List of rulers of Austria - Habsburg Dukes and Archdukes of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Emperors of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Republic of Austria

Read more here: » List of rulers of Austria: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Austria - Republic of Austria