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960 | A Wisdom Archive on 960 | | 960 A selection of articles related to 960 | |
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960
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 960 | | | |  960: Encyclopedia II - Duklja - Name"Doclea" was the name of the region during the early period of the Roman Empire. It is believed to originate from the name of an early Illyrian tribe. The Romans "hyper-corrected" to "Dioclea" wrongly guessing that an "I" had been lost due to vulgar speech patterns. "Duklja" is the later Slavic version of that word.
The relationship between the names of Duklja and Zeta is somewhat unclear, as the two terms overlap. Duklja was mostly referenced as the littoral area between the Bay of Kotor and the Skadar Lake, while Zeta refers to the ...
See also:Duklja, Duklja - Name, Duklja - History, Duklja - Early, Duklja - High Voislav Golden Age, Duklja - Late Rascian, Duklja - List of rulers, Duklja - Chronology, Duklja - People Religion and Culture Read more here: » Duklja: Encyclopedia II - Duklja - Name |
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| | | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity The Han Dynasty (漢朝) emerged in 202 BC. It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China. Under the Han Dynasty, China made great advances in many areas of the arts and sciences. Emperor Wu (Han Wudi 漢武帝) consolidated and extended the Chinese empire by pushing back the Xiongnu (匈奴)(sometimes identified with the Huns) into the steppes of modern Inner Mongolia (內蒙古), wresting from them the modern areas of Gansu (甘 ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties Though these three kingdoms were reunited temporarily in 280 by the (Western) Jin Dynasty (晉朝), the contemporary non-Han Chinese (Wu Hu, 五胡) ethnic groups controlled much of the country in the early 4th century and provoked large-scale Han Chinese migrations to south of the Chang Jiang (長江). In 303 the Di (氐) people rebelled and later captured Chengdu (成都). Under Liu Yuan (劉淵) the Xiongnu rebelled near today's Linfen County (山西省臨汾縣). His successor Liu Cong (劉聰) captured and executed the last two Western ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire Though the unified reign of the Qin (秦) Emperor lasted only twelve years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang (咸陽)(in modern Xi'an).
His sons, however, were not as successful; as soon as the Qin reign ended, the Qin imperial structure collapsed. The Qin Dynast ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Geography Shanxi is located on a plateau, which is in turn made up of higher ground to the east (Taihang mountains) and the west (Lüliang mountains), and a series of valleys in the center through which the Fen River runs. The highest peak is Mount Wutai (Wutai Shan) in northeastern Shanxi at an altitude of 3058 m. The Great Wall of China forms most of the northern border of Shanxi with Inner Mongolia.
The Fen and Qin rivers, tributaries of Huang He (or the Yellow River), drain much of the province; the north is drained by tributaries of the Hai River, such as Sanggan and Hutuo rivers. The largest natural lake in Shanxi is Xiechi Lake, a salt lake n ...
See also:Shanxi, Shanxi - History, Shanxi - Geography, Shanxi - Administrative divisions, Shanxi - Economy, Shanxi - Demographics, Shanxi - Culture, Shanxi - Tourism, Shanxi - Miscellaneous topics Read more here: » Shanxi: Encyclopedia II - Shanxi - Geography |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Tourism The east end of the Ming Great Wall is located on the coast at Shanhaiguan, near Qinhuangdao. The Ming Great Wall crosses the northern part of the province. Beidaihe, located nearby, is a popular beach resort.
The Chengde Mountain Resort and its outlying temples are a World Heritage Site. Also known as the Rehe Palace, this was the summer resort of the Qing Dynasty emperors.
There are Qing Dynasty imperial tombs at Zunhua (East Qing Tombs) and Yixian (West Qing Tombs). These are al ...
See also:Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Tourism |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification The Sui Dynasty (隋朝) managed to reunite the country in 589 after almost 300 years of disjunction.
The unification is the second shortest dynasty in the history of China after Qin Dynasty, and during this time, millions laboured on the Grand Canal of China (大運河), still the longest canal in the world to date.
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See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity On June 18, 618, Gaozu (唐高祖) took the throne, and the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) was established, opening a new age of prosperity and innovations in arts and technology. Buddhism, which had gradually been established in China from the first century, became the predominant religion and was adopted by the royal family and many of the common people.
Chang'an (長安)(modern Xi'an), the national capital, is thought to have been th ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Croydon - The Arts Croydon is often disparaged for its lack of culture and its archetypal suburban atmosphere. The town has born the brunt of many jokes aimed at its enthusiastic adoption of urban modernism. It has often been characterised as dull and inhuman. Discussing model Kate Moss, born and raised in Croydon, BBC News of 21 September 2005 remarked "Articles about her always mentioned her Croydon roots, although the suspicion in hindsight is that this was probably to sneer, as if her origins made her beauty all the more extraordinary." A calendar entitled ...
See also:Croydon, Croydon - The name, Croydon - Status, Croydon - History, Croydon - Archbishops of Canterbury as lords of the manor, Croydon - Croydon Parish Church St John the Baptist, Croydon - Whitgift Almshouses, Croydon - Industrial era, Croydon - A growing town, Croydon - Modern Croydon, Croydon - The Arts, Croydon - Transport, Croydon - Croydon's early transport links, Croydon - Croydon Airport, Croydon - Railways and trams, Croydon - Railway stations, Croydon - Tramlink stops Read more here: » Croydon: Encyclopedia II - Croydon - The Arts |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Qing Dynasty The Qing Dynasty (清朝, 1644–1911) was founded after the defeat of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus (滿族). The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchen and invaded from the north in the late seventeenth century. For many decades, historians did not understand the differences between the Manchu rulers and their Chinese subjects. Even though the Manchus started out as alien conquerors, they quickly adopted the Confucian norms ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Qing Dynasty |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Croydon - Transport Croydon is situated near one of the sources of the River Wandle. Just to the south is a significant gap in the North Downs, which acts as a route focus for transport from London to the south coast.
The old London to Brighton road, the A23, passed through the town as does the main railway line from London to Brighton. Today the A23 follows a route to the west of the town known as the Purley Way.
Croydon - Cr ...
See also:Croydon, Croydon - The name, Croydon - Status, Croydon - History, Croydon - Archbishops of Canterbury as lords of the manor, Croydon - Croydon Parish Church St John the Baptist, Croydon - Whitgift Almshouses, Croydon - Industrial era, Croydon - A growing town, Croydon - Modern Croydon, Croydon - The Arts, Croydon - Transport, Croydon - Croydon's early transport links, Croydon - Croydon Airport, Croydon - Railways and trams, Croydon - Railway stations, Croydon - Tramlink stops Read more here: » Croydon: Encyclopedia II - Croydon - Transport |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture There was strong sentiment, among the populace, against the rule of the "foreigner" (known as Dázi 韃子), which finally led to peasant revolts. The Mongolians were pushed back to the steppes and replaced by the Ming Dynasty (明朝) in 1368.
During Mongol rule, the population had dropped by 40 percent, to an estimated 60 million. Two centuries later, it had doubled. Urbanization thus increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty The Jin Empire was defeated by the Mongols, who then proceeded to defeat the Southern Song in a long and bloody war, the first war where firearms played an important role. Some scholars estimate that about half the population, 50 million Han Chinese people may have perished in total as a result of the Mongols' invasion and conquest. During the era after the war, later called the Pax Mongolica, adventurous Westerners such as Marco Polo travelled all the way to China and brought the first reports of its wonders to Europe. In China, the Mongols were di ...
See also:History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Transportation Hebei surrounds Beijing, so many important railway lines radiating out of Beijing pass through Hebei. The Beijing-Guangzhou Railway is one of the most important: it passes through many major cities like Baoding, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai and Handan on its way through Hebei from north to south. Other important railways include the Beijing-Kowloon Railway, the Beijing-Shanghai Railway, the Beijing-Harbin ...
See also:Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Transportation |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Culture Dialects of Mandarin are spoken over most of the province, and most Mandarin dialects in Hebei are in turn classified as part of the Ji Lu Mandarin subdivision. Regions along the western border with Shanxi, however, have dialects that are distinct enough for linguists to consider them as part of Jin, another subdivision of Chinese, rather than Mandarin. In general, the dialects of Hebei are quite similar to and readily intelligible with the Beijing dialect, which forms the basis for Standard Mandarin, the official language of the nation. How ...
See also:Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - Culture |
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| | | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1700-1799 1700: A severe fire leads to new buildings, built in stone; the estimated population is 60,000
1702: Advocates' Library moved from Faculty of Advocates to Parliament House
1706: Framework knitters from Haddington are working in Edinburgh
1707: Act of Union
1711: David Hume, philosopher, is born
1713: The main radial roads into Edinburgh are turnpiked
1715: Jacobites fail to take castle
1718: Edinburgh Evening Courant newspaper is launched; damasks are woven at Drumsheugh
1720s: Daniel Defoe praises the Royal Mile, decries Tolbooth or prison, ...
See also:Timeline of Edinburgh history, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1-999, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1000-1099, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1100-1199, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1200-1299, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1300-1399, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1400-1499, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1500-1599, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1600-1699, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1700-1799, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1800-1899, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1900-1999, Timeline of Edinburgh history - 2000-2005, Timeline of Edinburgh history - Sources Read more here: » Timeline of Edinburgh history: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Edinburgh history - 1700-1799 |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century 1505 Ten České Budějovice Jews are tortured and executed for killing a Christian girl; later, on deathbed, shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation.
1506 April 19. A marrano expresses his doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in Lisbon, Portugal. The crowd, led by Dominican monks, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses and slaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre and join in. Over 2,000 marranos killed in three days.
1509 August 19. Converted Jew Johann Pfefferkorn in Frankfurt receives authority of Maximilian I, Holy Roma ...
See also:History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 8th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 9th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 10th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 11th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 12th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 13th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 14th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 15th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 17th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 18th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 19th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 21st century, History of anti-Semitism - Books Read more here: » History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Duke of Valentinois - Third Creation King Louis XIII of France created the title by letters patent, signed in May 1642 and registered on 18 July 1642, as a conglomeration of several estates in the French province of Dauphiné which he had previously given to Honoré II, Prince of Monaco.
The first person to hold the title was Honoré II, Prince of Monaco, reigning Prince at the time of its creation; on his death it passed to his son Louis I, and thence to Louis's son Antoine. However, since the title's inheritance was restricted to male heirs, and because Antoine had onl ...
See also:Duke of Valentinois, Duke of Valentinois - First Creation, Duke of Valentinois - Second Creation, Duke of Valentinois - Third Creation, Duke of Valentinois - Fourth Creation, Duke of Valentinois - List of Counts and Dukes of Valentinois Read more here: » Duke of Valentinois: Encyclopedia II - Duke of Valentinois - Third Creation |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Croydon - The name The name of Croydon derives originally from the Anglo-Saxon croeas deanas, meaning "the valley of the crocuses", indicating that, like Saffron Walden in Essex, it was a centre for the collection of saffron.
Another opinion [1] holds that the name derives from the Old French croie dune, meaning chalk hill. This was because Croydon stands at the northern edge of the chalk hills called the North Downs.
A third suggestion is also from the Anglo-Saxon cr ...
See also:Croydon, Croydon - The name, Croydon - Status, Croydon - History, Croydon - Archbishops of Canterbury as lords of the manor, Croydon - Croydon Parish Church St John the Baptist, Croydon - Whitgift Almshouses, Croydon - Industrial era, Croydon - A growing town, Croydon - Modern Croydon, Croydon - The Arts, Croydon - Transport, Croydon - Croydon's early transport links, Croydon - Croydon Airport, Croydon - Railways and trams, Croydon - Railway stations, Croydon - Tramlink stops Read more here: » Croydon: Encyclopedia II - Croydon - The name |
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| | | | | 960: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine navy - Greek fire Main article: Greek fire
The term “Greek fire” was not attributed to the concoction until the time of the European Crusades. Some of the original names it was known by include “liquid fire”, “marine fire”, “artificial fire” and “Roman fire”. The latter was most probably due to the fact that the Muslims (against whom the weapon was most commonly used) believed the Byzantines to be Roman rather than Greek. Of course, politically speaking, the Byzantine Empire was a direct continuation of the East Roman Empire ...
See also:Byzantine navy, Byzantine navy - Early period, Byzantine navy - Macedonian Dynasty, Byzantine navy - Late period, Byzantine navy - Ships, Byzantine navy - Greek fire, Byzantine navy - Notable events, Byzantine navy - Reference Read more here: » Byzantine navy: Encyclopedia II - Byzantine navy - Greek fire |
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