List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic. Jovian (Iovianus) (332 - 364, ruled 363 - 364) – Soldier, restored Christianity ...

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List of Byzantine Emperors, List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty 306-363, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Valentinian-Theodosian dynasty 364-457, List of Byzantine Emperors - Leonid dynasty 457-518, List of Byzantine Emperors - Justinian dynasty 518-602, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 610-695, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 695-705, List of Byzantine Emperors - Heraclian dynasty 705-711, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic 711-717, List of Byzantine Emperors - Isaurian dynasty 717-802, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phocid dynasty 802-813, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Phrygian dynasty 820-867, List of Byzantine Emperors - Macedonian dynasty 867-1056, List of Byzantine Emperors - Non-dynastic, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty, List of Byzantine Emperors - Doukid dynasty 1059-1081, List of Byzantine Emperors - Comnenid dynasty restored 1081-1185, List of Byzantine Emperors - Angelid dynasty 1185-1204, List of Byzantine Emperors - Laskarid dynasty in exile in the Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty restored to Constantinople 1259-1453, List of Byzantine Emperors - Ottomans, List of Byzantine Emperors - Palaeologid Dynasty in exile

Read more here: » List of Byzantine Emperors: Encyclopedia II - List of Byzantine Emperors - Constantinian dynasty 306-363

In around 948 'Imad al-Daula named Rukn al-Daula's eldest son, Fana Khusrau ('Adud al-Daula) as his successor. In September 949 he died, and Rukn al-Daula claimed the title of senior amir for himself. He traveled to Shiraz and stayed there for at least nine months in order to secure his son's succession there, despite the fact that the Samanids were threatening his own possessions. Mu'izz al-Daula, meanwhile, accepted Rukn al-Daula's position of senior amir and also se ...

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Rukn al-Daula, Rukn al-Daula - Struggle for power, Rukn al-Daula - Senior amir, Rukn al-Daula - Death and legacy

Read more here: » Rukn al-Daula: Encyclopedia II - Rukn al-Daula - Senior amir

Archaeological sites such as Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Erlitou (二里頭) show evidence of a Bronze Age civilization in China. The earliest written record of China's past dates from the Shang Dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC, and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—the so-called oracle bones (甲骨文). However the earliest comprehensive history of China, the Historical Records (史記) by Sima Qian (司馬遷), a renowned Chinese historiographer of the 2nd century B ...

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History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - Post modern independence

Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ancient histories

Chinese pagodas - Wood. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties (~25-589) pagodas were mostly built of wood, as were other ancient Chinese structures. Wooden pagodas are highly resistant to earthquakes, however many have burnt down, and wood is also prone to both natural rot and insect infestation. Examples of wooden pagodas: White Horse Pagoda at White Horse Temple, Luoyang. China's first pagoda. Futuci Pagoda in Xuzhou, built in the Three Kingdoms period (~220-265). Many of the pagodas in Stories About Buddhist Temple ...

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Chinese pagodas, Chinese pagodas - Chinese Characterisation, Chinese pagodas - Construction Materials, Chinese pagodas - Wood, Chinese pagodas - Transition to brick and stone, Chinese pagodas - Brick and stone, Chinese pagodas - De-emphasis over time

Read more here: » Chinese pagodas: Encyclopedia II - Chinese pagodas - Construction Materials

Romsey - Middle Ages to The Civil War. The name Romsey is believed to have originated from the term Rūm's Eg, meaning "Rūm's area surrounded by marsh". Rūm is probably an abbreviated form of a personal name, like Rūmwald (glorious leader). What was to become Romsey Abbey was founded in 907 AD. Nuns, led by Elflaeda daughter of Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, founded a community — at his direction — in what was then a small village. Later, King Edgar refounded the nunnery, circa 96 ...

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Romsey, Romsey - History, Romsey - Middle Ages to The Civil War, Romsey - The 18th and 19th centuries, Romsey - Mills and Milling, Romsey - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Romsey: Encyclopedia II - Romsey - History

The Chalk Wall (分壁墙) is a white cliff face on the southern bank of the Yangtze River at the entrance to the Qutang Gorge (Kuimen Gate). The Chalk Wall can be easily recognized by the numerous characters carved into the rock, many of which were done by famous Chinese calligraphers. Nearly 1,000 characters in all are carved into the rock wall, with the oldest dating to the Song Dynasty (960-1279). The wall has characters carved in many different styles of calligraphy and in various sizes. The largest characters are approxima ...

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Qutang Gorge, Qutang Gorge - Sites, Qutang Gorge - Impact of the Three Gorges Dam, Qutang Gorge - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Qutang Gorge: Encyclopedia II - Qutang Gorge - Sites

Although the border between the provinces of Overijssel and Gelderland largely runs along river IJssel, there are two left-bank exclaves opposite the towns of Olst and Wijhe, in which the villages of Marle (north exclave), Welsum and Welsumerveld (south exclave) are situated. There are cable ferries between Olst and Welsum and between Wijhe and Vorchten in the municipality of Heerde (there is no direct c ...

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Olst-Wijhe, Olst-Wijhe - History and economic activities, Olst-Wijhe - Geographical features, Olst-Wijhe - Population centres, Olst-Wijhe - Sights, Olst-Wijhe - Eikelhof, Olst-Wijhe - Olst, Olst-Wijhe - Welsum

Read more here: » Olst-Wijhe: Encyclopedia II - Olst-Wijhe - Geographical features

The political history of the Eastern Alps can be considered almost totally in terms of the advance or retreat of the house of Habsburg. The Habsburgers' original home was in the lower valley of the Aar, where the ruins of their ancestral castle still stand. They lost that district to the Swiss in 1415, as they had previously lost various other sections of what is now Switzerland. But they built an impressive empire in the Eastern Alps, where they defeated numerous minor dynasties. They won the duchy of Austria with Styria in 1282, Carinthia ...

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Political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the Alps, Political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the Alps - The Western Alps, Political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the Alps - The Central Alps, Political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the Alps - The Eastern Alps

Read more here: » Political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the Alps: Encyclopedia II - Political history and modern state of the inhabitants of the Alps - The Eastern Alps

There is evidence of Roman settlement in the area and a 5th to 6th century pagan Saxon cemetery. Croydon - Archbishops of Canterbury as lords of the manor. In the late Saxon period, it was the centre of a large estate belonging to the Archbishops of Canterbury. The church and the archbishops' manor house occupied the area still known as the Old Town. The archbishops used the manor house as an occasional place of residence and would continue to have important links as Lords of the manor and then as local p ...

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Croydon, Croydon - The name, Croydon - Status, Croydon - History, Croydon - Archbishops of Canterbury as lords of the manor, Croydon - Croydon Parish Church St John the Baptist, Croydon - Whitgift Almshouses, Croydon - Industrial era, Croydon - A growing town, Croydon - Modern Croydon, Croydon - The Arts, Croydon - Transport, Croydon - Croydon's early transport links, Croydon - Croydon Airport, Croydon - Railways and trams, Croydon - Railway stations, Croydon - Tramlink stops

Read more here: » Croydon: Encyclopedia II - Croydon - History

3rd century BCE: Manetho, a Hellenistic Egyptian chronicler and priest, alleges that Moses was not a Jew, but an Egyptian renegade priest called Osarseph, and portrays the Exodus as the expulsion of a leper colony. 175 BCE-165 BCE: Antiochus Epiphanes sacks Jerusalem, calls Judaism "inimical to humanity", prohibits brit milah, confiscates copies of Torah and erects an altar to Zeus in the Second Temple after plundering it. (See also Maccabees, Hanukkah) 2nd century BCE: Mnaseas of Patros, a Greek author, reports that the Jews worship a donkey's head in the Holy of Holies. Thi ...

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History of anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews, History of anti-Semitism - The 4th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 5th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 6th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 7th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 8th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 9th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 10th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 11th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 12th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 13th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 14th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 15th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 16th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 17th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 18th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 19th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 20th century, History of anti-Semitism - The 21st century, History of anti-Semitism - Books

Read more here: » History of anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - History of anti-Semitism - Ancient animosity towards Jews

List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of England & Pre-Reformation Church. The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury    (c.600-present) The Cathedral Church of Saint Philip, Birmingham    (1905-present) (parish church -1905) The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Bristol    (1542-1836 & 1897-present) (Augustinian abbe ...

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List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Abbreviations and Key, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - England Isle of Man & Gibraltar, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of England & Pre-Reformation Church, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Greek Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Antiochian Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Russian Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church in Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals in Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - The Iona Community, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - The Scottish Episcopal Church, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals of Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Greek Orthodox Cathedrals in Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Former Cathedrals of Scotland no longer in ecclesiastical use, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Northern Ireland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar

Read more here: » List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - England Isle of Man & Gibraltar

List of rulers of Austria - Babenberg Dukes. Henry II Jasomirgott (1141-1177) (Duke of Bavaria, 1143-1156) Leopold V (1177-1194) Frederick I (1195-1198) Leopold VI (1198-1230) Frederick II the Quarrelsome (1230-1246) List of rulers of Austria - Interregnum. The inheritance of the duchy passed to the Margraves of Baden through Frederick II's sister, Gertrude, but they did not manage to establish themselves in the country and were rejected by the estates Herman ...

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List of rulers of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Origins, List of rulers of Austria - Margraves of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Dukes of Austria from 1155, List of rulers of Austria - Babenberg Dukes, List of rulers of Austria - Interregnum, List of rulers of Austria - Habsburg Dukes and Archdukes of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Emperors of Austria, List of rulers of Austria - Republic of Austria

Read more here: » List of rulers of Austria: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Austria - Dukes of Austria from 1155

There is debate as to the temporal and geographic extent of Khazar polities following Sviatoslav's sack of Atil in 967/9, or even whether any such states existed. The Khazars may have retained control over some areas in the Caucasus for another two centuries, but sparse historical records make this difficult to confirm. The evidence of later Khazar polities includes the fact that Sviatoslav did not occupy the Volga basin after he destroyed Atil, and departed relatively quickly to embark on his campaign in Bulgaria. The permanent conquest of the Volga basin seems to have bee ...

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Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Late references to the Khazars

List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts. Piast Dynasty 9th cent. — Siemowit (disputable) 9th-10th cent. — Lestko (disputable) 10th cent. — Siemomysł (disputable) 960?-992 — Mieszko I (Duke) 992-1025 — Bolesław I the Brave (King in 1025) 1025-1031 — Mieszko II Lambert (1st reign, as King) 1031-1032 — Bezprym 1032-1034 — Mieszko II Lambert (2nd reign, as Duke) 1039-1058 — Kazimierz I the RestorerSee also:

List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Fragmentation, List of Polish monarchs - Late Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons, List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw, List of Polish monarchs - Congress Kingdom, List of Polish monarchs - Grand Duchy of Poznań

Read more here: » List of Polish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts

The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials. Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties. The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce. The lan ...

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Song Dynasty, Song Dynasty - Arts culture and economy, Song Dynasty - Fall of the Southern Song, Song Dynasty - Song dynasty emperors, Song Dynasty - Bei Northern Song dynasty 960- 1127, Song Dynasty - Nan Southern Song dynasty 1127- 1279

Read more here: » Song Dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Song Dynasty - Arts culture and economy

Sir R.C. Hoare describes it as "a city of high note in the remotest periods by the several barrows near it, and its proximity to the two largest Druidical temples in England, namely, Stonehenge and Avebury." [1] The Romans held it as a strong military station, and it was admitted to the privileges of the Latin law, under the name of Sorbiodunum. ^{See also:}

Old Sarum, Old Sarum - History, Old Sarum - Decline, Old Sarum - Legislative infamy As a rotten borough, Old Sarum - Read about Salisbury and Sarum

Read more here: » Old Sarum: Encyclopedia II - Old Sarum - History

The boundary between northern and southern China is generally defined to be the Qinling Mountains and Huai River (Huai He). In the eastern provinces like Jiangsu and Anhui, however, the Yangtze River is usually perceived as the north-south boundary instead of the Huai River. There is an ambiguous area, the region around Nanyang, Henan, that lies in the gap where the Qinling has ended and the Huai River has not yet begun; in addition, central Anhui and Jiangsu lie south of the Huai River but north of the Yangtze, making their classification s ...

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Northern and southern China, Northern and southern China - Extent, Northern and southern China - History, Northern and southern China - Today, Northern and southern China - Stereotypes

Read more here: » Northern and southern China: Encyclopedia II - Northern and southern China - Extent

1353 (1357?) - 1391 (Ban 1353-1377, King 1377-1391) Tvrtko I of Kotroman (born 1338?, died 1391) Nephew of Stephen Kotromanić. Crowned himself 'King of Serbs and Bosnia' in 1377. 1391 - 1395 Stephen (Stjepan) Dabiša (died 1395) Illegitimate son of Ninoslav Kotromanić, a son of Kotroman. 1395 - 1398 Jelena Gruba, widow of Stephen Dabisa 1398 - 1404, 1409 - 1418 King Ostoja Kotromanić (died 1418) Son of Tvrtko Kotromanić. Power struggles with ...

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List of rulers of Bosnia, List of rulers of Bosnia - Early history, List of rulers of Bosnia - Emergence of native Bosnian bans, List of rulers of Bosnia - Bosnian kingdom, List of rulers of Bosnia - Turkish occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Austrian occupation, List of rulers of Bosnia - Modern times, List of rulers of Bosnia - Related articles, List of rulers of Bosnia - External link

Read more here: » List of rulers of Bosnia: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Bosnia - Bosnian kingdom

Archaeological sites such as Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Erlitou (二里頭) show evidence of a Bronze Age civilization in China. The earliest written record of China's past dates from the Shang Dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC, and takes the form of inscriptions of divination records on the bones or shells of animals—the so-called oracle bones (甲骨文). However the earliest comprehensive history of China, the Historical Records (史記) by Sima Qian (司馬遷), a renowned Chinese historiographer of the 2nd century B ...

See also:

History of China, History of China - Prehistoric times, History of China - Ancient histories, History of China - Xia Dynasty, History of China - Shang Dynasty, History of China - Zhou Dynasty, History of China - Qin Dynasty: The first Chinese Empire, History of China - Han Dynasty: A period of prosperity, History of China - Jin the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, History of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification, History of China - Tang Dynasty: Return to prosperity, History of China - Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors the Liao and the Jin, History of China - Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty, History of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival of Chinese culture, History of China - Qing Dynasty, History of China - The Republic of China, History of China - The Present

Read more here: » History of China: Encyclopedia II - History of China - Ancient histories

Lviv - Early history. Recent archaeological excavations show that the area of Lviv has been populated since at least the 5th century. At the dawn of history, the area became incorporated into the Empire of Great Moravia, then became an area of contention between two emerging states: Poland (during the reign of Mieszko I, ruler of the Polans) and the Kievan Rus. Mieszko is thought to have controlled the area from 960 to 980. According to Nestor's chronicle, in 981 this area was conquered by Volodymyr ...

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Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans

Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - History

Plains in Hebei were the home of Peking man, a group of Homo erectus that lived in the area around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago. During the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 476 BC), Hebei was under the rule of the states of Yan (燕) in the north and Jin (晉) in the south. Also during this period, a nomadic people known as Dí (狄) invaded the plains of northern China and established Zhongshan (中山) in central Hebei. During the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC), Jin was partitioned, and much of its territory w ...

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Hebei, Hebei - History, Hebei - Geography, Hebei - Administrative divisions, Hebei - Economy, Hebei - Demographics, Hebei - Culture, Hebei - Transportation, Hebei - Tourism, Hebei - Miscellaneous topics, Hebei - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Hebei: Encyclopedia II - Hebei - History