Eighty-one is the square of 9. It is a heptagonal number and a centered octagonal number. It is also a tribonacci number, an open meandric number and a Harshad number. 81 is also one of three numbers (the other two are 1458 and 1729) which, when its digits are added together, produces a sum which, when multiplied by its reversed self, yields the original number: 1 + 8 = 9 9 · 9 = 81 (although this case is somewhat dege ...

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81 number, 81 number - In mathematics, 81 number - In astronomy, 81 number - In other fields

Read more here: » 81 number: Encyclopedia II - 81 number - In mathematics

MacDonald was born in Lossiemouth, in Moray in northern Scotland, the illegitimate son of John MacDonald, a farm labourer, and Anne Ramsay, a housemaid. At first known as James Ramsay, he later adopted his father's surname and used Ramsay as his preferred given name. Illegitimacy was a serious handicap in 19th century Presbyterian Scotland, and the associated stigma affected MacDonald throughout his life. He received an elementary education at the nearby town of Drainie, and worked there as a pupil teacher until he was 18, when he left for London, England. For the remainder of his life he had lit ...

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Ramsay MacDonald, Ramsay MacDonald - Early career, Ramsay MacDonald - Party leader, Ramsay MacDonald - First government, Ramsay MacDonald - Second government, Ramsay MacDonald - National Government, Ramsay MacDonald - Personal life, Ramsay MacDonald - MacDonald's Governments

Read more here: » Ramsay MacDonald: Encyclopedia II - Ramsay MacDonald - Early career

His long association with Exeter University began in the late 1960s when he went there to lecture on Education and study for a PhD (which he was awarded in 1972). As Professor of Education at Nottingham University from 1973 to 1978, he created the University's Post Graduate Certificate of Education course (he also acted as Specialist Adviser to the House of Commons Select Committee on the attain ...

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Ted Wragg, Ted Wragg - Early career, Ted Wragg - Exeter, Ted Wragg - Professional recognition, Ted Wragg - Commentary

Read more here: » Ted Wragg: Encyclopedia II - Ted Wragg - Exeter

Legio I Legio I Germanica (German) - 48 BC to 70 (Batavian rebellion), Julius Caesar Legio I Adiutrix (Helper) - 68 to (at least) 444, Nero Legio I Italica (Italian) - September 22, 66 to (at least) 5th century, established at Misenum, Nero Legio I Macriana liberatrix (liberator of Macer) - 68 to 69, Lucius Clodius Macer, governor of Africa Legio I Minervia (protected by goddess Minerva) - 82 to (at least) 4th century, Domitian Legio I Parthica (Part ...

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List of Roman legions, List of Roman legions - Republican and Imperatorial legions, List of Roman legions - Early Empire legions, List of Roman legions - Late Empire legions, List of Roman legions - Reference, List of Roman legions - External link

Read more here: » List of Roman legions: Encyclopedia II - List of Roman legions - Early Empire legions

Not entirely confirmed. These are off-peak services that run along part of a major route above. 2 - Melbourne University to South Melbourne (shortened 1) 7 - Melbourne University to Malvern Town Hall (shortened 6) 9 - Spencer and Collins Streets to Preston Depot (shortened 11/112) 10 - St Kilda Beach to Melbourne Convention Centre via South Melbourne (shortened 12/112) 11 - Spencer and Collins Streets to West Preston 12 - Kew to Malvern Depot (shortened 16)See also:

List of Melbourne tram routes, List of Melbourne tram routes - Main routes, List of Melbourne tram routes - Subsidiary routes, List of Melbourne tram routes - Discontinued routes and unallocated route numbers, List of Melbourne tram routes - Tram depots

Read more here: » List of Melbourne tram routes: Encyclopedia II - List of Melbourne tram routes - Subsidiary routes

AD 1 C. Iulius Caesar, L. Aemilius Paullus 2 P. Vinicius, P. Alfenus Varus 3 L. Aelius Lamia, M. Servilius 4 Sex. Aelius Catus, C. Sentius Saturninus 5 L. Valerius Messalla Volesus, Cn. Cornelius Cinna Magnus suff. C. Ateius Capito) 6 M. Aemilius Lepidus, L. Arruntius 7 Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus, A. Licinius Nerva Silianus 8 M. Furius Camillus, Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus suff. L. ...

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List of early imperial Roman consuls, List of early imperial Roman consuls - 1st century BC, List of early imperial Roman consuls - 1st century, List of early imperial Roman consuls - 2nd century

Read more here: » List of early imperial Roman consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of early imperial Roman consuls - 1st century

For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland. People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000 – 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice ...

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History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement

After his mother's death, Emperor Zhang continued to be a diligent emperor, but within the palace, there was much struggle between Empress Dou and the other imperial consorts, which would create political instability down the road. While Empress Dowager Ma was alive, she selected two daughters of Song Yang (宋楊) as consorts for Emperor Zhang. In 78, the elder Consort Song gave birth to a son named Liu Qing (劉慶), and because Empress Dou was sonless, Prince Qing was created crown prince in 79. The ...

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Emperor Zhang of Han, Emperor Zhang of Han - Family background, Emperor Zhang of Han - As crown prince, Emperor Zhang of Han - Early reign, Emperor Zhang of Han - Palatial intrigue, Emperor Zhang of Han - Late reign, Emperor Zhang of Han - Era names, Emperor Zhang of Han - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Zhang of Han: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Zhang of Han - Palatial intrigue

Mississippi numbers its highways in a grid-like pattern, much like the U.S. Highway numbering scheme. One and two-digit routes are primary highways. Odd-numbered routes run north-south and start from MS 1, which runs along the Mississippi River, to MS 25, which runs near the Alabama border. In addition to routes 1 through 25, routes 27 through 41 repeat this pattern over the first several routes, still increasing in number from west to east, an ...

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List of Mississippi state highways, List of Mississippi state highways - History, List of Mississippi state highways - Numbering scheme, List of Mississippi state highways - List of numbered Mississippi state highways

Read more here: » List of Mississippi state highways: Encyclopedia II - List of Mississippi state highways - Numbering scheme

509 Lucius Junius M.f. Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus 509 then Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola. (Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, who was old and weak; nothing remarkable happened during his days, according to Livy.) Marcus Horatius M.f. Pulvillus 508 Publius Lucretius T.f. Tricipitinus, Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola 507 Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola III, Marcus Horatius M.f. Pulvillus II < ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

Read more here: » List of Republican Roman Consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC

Magic numbers are typically obtained by empirical studies, however if the form of the nuclear potential is known then the Schrodinger equation can be solved for the motion of nucleons and energy levels determined. Nuclear shells are said to occur when the separation between energy levels is significantly greater than the local mean separation. Magical numbers are the numbers of nucleons at which a shell is filled. For instance the magic number 8 occurs 1S, 1P3/2, 1P1/2 energy leve ...

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Magic number physics, Magic number physics - Derivation

Read more here: » Magic number physics: Encyclopedia II - Magic number physics - Derivation

Prior to the mid-19th century British politics was dominated by the Whigs and the Tories. These were not political parties in the modern sense but somewhat loose alliances of interests and individuals. The Whigs were associated with the newly emerging moneyed industrial classes, and the Tories were associated with the landed gentry and the Anglican Church. By the mid 19th century the Tories had evolved into the Conservative Party, and the Whigs had evolved into the Liberal Party. These two parties dominated the political scene ...

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List of political parties in the United Kingdom, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Brief history and overview, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Major political parties in the United Kingdom, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Political parties with elected representation at a national or European level, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Minor political parties in the United Kingdom, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Defunct and historic parties in the United Kingdom, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - English political parties, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Scottish political parties, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Welsh political parties, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Irish political parties, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Defunct far left and communist political parties in the United Kingdom, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Defunct British far right and fascist political parties, List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Miscellaneous British political parties

Read more here: » List of political parties in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - List of political parties in the United Kingdom - Brief history and overview

Like other social democratic parties, Labor tends to believe that government is generally a positive force in the community and that it is the responsibility of governments to intervene in the operation of the economy (and society in general) to improve outcomes. Labor believes that the government should ensure that all members of society receive a basic income in order to have a "decent quality of life". Labor also believes that the government should ensure that all members of society are able to access quality and affordable hous ...

See also:

Australian Labor Party, Australian Labor Party - Policy, Australian Labor Party - Structure, Australian Labor Party - History, Australian Labor Party - ALP federal leaders, Australian Labor Party - Current ALP State Premiers / Territory Chief Ministers, Australian Labor Party - Past ALP State Premiers and Territory Chief Ministers, Australian Labor Party - Other past Labor politicians, Australian Labor Party - Critics

Read more here: » Australian Labor Party: Encyclopedia II - Australian Labor Party - Policy

Blake is the only sailor to have taken part in the first five Whitbread Round the World races. In 1974, Blake competed in his first Whitbread race as a watch officer on Les Williams' and Alan Smith's damage-riddled Burton Cutter. In the 1977–78 race, he rejoined Les Williams this time with co-skipper Robin Knox-Johnston on board Heath’s Condor. For the 1981–82 race, Blake mounted his own campaign as skipper of Ceramco New Zealand, a 68 ...

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Peter Blake yachtsman, Peter Blake yachtsman - Whitbread Round the World Race, Peter Blake yachtsman - America’s Cup, Peter Blake yachtsman - His Death and His Legacy

Read more here: » Peter Blake yachtsman: Encyclopedia II - Peter Blake yachtsman - Whitbread Round the World Race

The first record of the site of Columbus in Western history is found in the annals of the explorer Hernando de Soto, who is reputed to have crossed the Tombigbee nearby on his search for El Dorado. Columbus was founded in 1821. Before its incorporation, the town site was referred to informally as Possum Town, which remains its nickname even today. Columbus' existence owed to the failure of a flooded settlement across the river, Plymouth, which was established in 1817. The Plymouth Bluff (above the ruined settlement) eventually ...

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Columbus Mississippi, Columbus Mississippi - History, Columbus Mississippi - Geography, Columbus Mississippi - Demographics, Columbus Mississippi - Education

Read more here: » Columbus Mississippi: Encyclopedia II - Columbus Mississippi - History

Layne was one of the contestants on the World Wrestling Federation reality television program Tough Enough II, wherein thirteen would-be wrestlers trained under WWF employees Al Snow, Ivory, Tazz, Hardcore Holly, Chavo Guerrero, Jr. and John Gaburick for fourteen weeks. The trainers would select two winners by a process of elimination, and the winner would receive a WWF developmental contract. Layne joined the series at the outset in February 2002. While on the series, he was known for his friendship with fellow contestant Pete, his c ...

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Kenny Layne, Kenny Layne - Career, Kenny Layne - Championships and accomplishments

Read more here: » Kenny Layne: Encyclopedia II - Kenny Layne - Career

Empress Dou was not satisfied with the situation, however, and in 79, after another imperial consort, Consort Liang, gave birth to a son named Liu Zhao (劉肇), she adopted Prince Zhao and intended to make him crown prince instead. After Empress Dowager Ma died later that year, Consort Song was left without anyone to protect her, and Empress Dou began to plot her destruction. In 82, an opportunity came for Empress Dou. Consort Song had become ill, and in her illness, she craved raw cuscuta, and she requested that her family bring the ...

See also:

Liu Qing, Liu Qing - Family background, Liu Qing - Tragedy in childhood, Liu Qing - As advisor to his brother, Liu Qing - After Emperor He's death

Read more here: » Liu Qing: Encyclopedia II - Liu Qing - Tragedy in childhood

Miller grew up in Hampstead in a well connected Jewish family - his father Emanuel (1892-1970) was a psychiatrist specialising in child development and his mother Betty (née Spiro) (1910-65) was a novelist and biographer. He studied natural sciences and medicine at St John's College at the University of Cambridge, graduating in 1959 and worked as a hospital doctor for the next two years. However he was also involved in the university drama society and the Cambridge Footlights and in 1960 he helped write and produce 'Beyond the Fringe ...

See also:

Jonathan Miller, Jonathan Miller - Life and career, Jonathan Miller - Bibliography

Read more here: » Jonathan Miller: Encyclopedia II - Jonathan Miller - Life and career

In the 1880s, the Zionist movement was initiated in Europe. This movement held that the Jewish people had a right to a state of their own; most Zionists specifically held that the state should be in a part of their historic homeland, the area then known as Palestine. At that time Palestine was a part of the Ottoman Empire. Under Ottoman rule, Palestine had substantial regional independence, and the area was inhabitated predominantly by Palestinian A ...

See also:

History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Origins, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Jewish immigration, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - The Great Uprising, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - World War II and its aftermath, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - The 1947 partition plan, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - The war for Palestine, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - The founding of the PLO, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - The Six-Day War, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - The first intifada, History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Encyclopedia II - History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Origins

Hardcore had a huge influence on other forms of rock music, especially in America. The San-Francisco-based heavy metal band Metallica were among the first crossover artists (circa 1982-83), incorporating the compositional structure and technical proficiency of metal with the speed and aggression of hardcore (Metallica would eventually cover three Misfits songs). Venom were another very early crossover band, as were Hellhammer and Slayer. The new style became known as "Thrash metal" -- or, later, "Speed metal" (another transitional term was "Speedcore"'), and soon became a trend, includin ...

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Hardcore punk, Hardcore punk - Overview, Hardcore punk - History, Hardcore punk - The Big 3, Hardcore punk - Early support, Hardcore punk - Negative publicity, Hardcore punk - Moshing and dancing, Hardcore punk - Influence, Hardcore punk - Early history in Europe and the UK, Hardcore punk - Hardcore in the 1990s, Hardcore punk - Heavy Hardcore, Hardcore punk - Progression and experimentation, Hardcore punk - Hardcore today, Hardcore punk - Hardcore bands

Read more here: » Hardcore punk: Encyclopedia II - Hardcore punk - Influence

In sharp contrast to the New York years, the Giants' fortunes in San Francisco have been mixed. Though recently the club has enjoyed relatively sustained success, there have also been prolonged stretches of mediocrity, along with two instances when the club's ownership threatened to move it out of San Francisco. Most disappointingly for the large fan base that they have maintained ever since their arrival in the city, the Gia ...

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San Francisco Giants, San Francisco Giants - New York Giants history, San Francisco Giants - Early days, San Francisco Giants - 1930-1950, San Francisco Giants - The Shot Heard 'Round The World 1951, San Francisco Giants - Mays' catch 1954, San Francisco Giants - The move westward 1957, San Francisco Giants - San Francisco Giants history, San Francisco Giants - 1962, San Francisco Giants - The rest of the 1960s, San Francisco Giants - 1970s, San Francisco Giants - 1980s, San Francisco Giants - The at-bat 1989, San Francisco Giants - 1990s, San Francisco Giants - 2000s, San Francisco Giants - Rivalries, San Francisco Giants - Giants-Dodgers, San Francisco Giants - Giants-Athletics, San Francisco Giants - Quick facts, San Francisco Giants - Baseball Hall of Famers, San Francisco Giants - Retired Numbers, San Francisco Giants - Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame, San Francisco Giants - Current roster, San Francisco Giants - Minor league affiliations, San Francisco Giants - Broadcasters

Read more here: » San Francisco Giants: Encyclopedia II - San Francisco Giants - San Francisco Giants history