In 869 he was sent by Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor as envoy to Constantinople, with two men of high rank in the Frankish Empire, to negotiate a marriage between Leo VI, oldest son of the Byzantine emperor Basil I , and the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor. When the envoys arrived at Constantinople, the Eighth Ecumenical Council was still in session, and Anastasius, who attended the last session (February, 870), zealously ...

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Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Family and education, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Abbot of Santa Maria, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Librarian of the Roman Church, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Envoy to Constantinople, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Continued influence, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Presumed identification with Antipope Anastasius, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Translator and author

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The successor of Adrian II, Pope John VIII (872-882), also esteemed Anastasius, confirmed him in the office of librarian, entrusted important affairs to him, and encouraged him to further literary work. Anastasius was in correspondence with the deposed Byzantine patriarch, Photius, and sought to mediate between the patriarch and the pope and also to assuage the controversy over the Holy Ghost by assuming that the Latins understood the procession (processio) of ...

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Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Family and education, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Abbot of Santa Maria, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Librarian of the Roman Church, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Envoy to Constantinople, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Continued influence, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Presumed identification with Antipope Anastasius, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Translator and author

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Online Shi'a references: The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam by S.H.M. Jafri. ISBN: 0-195-79-3870 (online version) Imamate & Wilayat by Sayyed Muhammad Rizvi. What is Khums? Ethical Role-Models by Sayyid Mahdi as-Sadr The Message by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani Academic sources: Shi'a Islam by Muhammed H. Al-Tabataba'i. (online version) Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'Ism in History by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Shi ...

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Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Etymology, Shi'a Islam - Introduction, Shi'a Islam - Demographics of Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Main Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Additional doctrines, Shi'a Islam - The Shi'a denominations, Shi'a Islam - Status of a Shi'a Imam, Shi'a Islam - The role of religious scholars, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a and Sunni traditions, Shi'a Islam - Collections of Hadiths from Shi'a sources include, Shi'a Islam - Religious calendar, Shi'a Islam - History of the Shi'a, Shi'a Islam - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Shi'a Islam - Major centers of Shi'a scholarship, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a texts

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He was a nephew of Bishop Arsenius of Orta, who executed important commissions as Papal legate. Anastasius learned the Greek language from Eastern Roman monks and obtained an unusual education for his era, such that he appears to be the most learned ecclesiastic of Rome in the barbaric period of the 9th century. ...

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Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Family and education, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Abbot of Santa Maria, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Librarian of the Roman Church, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Envoy to Constantinople, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Continued influence, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Presumed identification with Antipope Anastasius, Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Translator and author

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The Franks, originally a pagan, barbarian, Germanic people who migrated over the River Rhine in the late fifth century into a crumbling Roman Empire, were, by the early eighth century, the masters of Gaul and a good portion of central Europe east of the Rhine and the protectors of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, their ancient dynasty of kings, the Merovingians, had long before descended into a state of complete disutility. Their chief officers, the mayors of the palace, had, practically-speaking, usurped all government powe ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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While the Shi'a and the Sunni accept the same sacred text, the Qur'an, they differ somewhat in their approach to recorded oral tradition, or hadith. Shi'a believe that the split between the Shi'a and Sunni extends back to the time of Muhammad's death, when a small number of Muslims supported the successorship of Ali and the rest of the Muslims accepted Abu Bakr, then Umar and Uthman. The Shi'a believe that the testimony that can be traced back to reliable sources is to be trusted, and traditions that cannot be fully verified are suspect. The ...

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Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Etymology, Shi'a Islam - Introduction, Shi'a Islam - Demographics of Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Main Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Additional doctrines, Shi'a Islam - The Shi'a denominations, Shi'a Islam - Status of a Shi'a Imam, Shi'a Islam - The role of religious scholars, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a and Sunni traditions, Shi'a Islam - Collections of Hadiths from Shi'a sources include, Shi'a Islam - Religious calendar, Shi'a Islam - History of the Shi'a, Shi'a Islam - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Shi'a Islam - Major centers of Shi'a scholarship, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a texts

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Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs. His first wife was Himiltrude, married in 766. The marriage was never formally annulled. By her he had: Pippin the Hunchback (767-813) His second wife was Gerperga (often erroneously called Desiderata or Desideria), daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards, married in 768, annulled in 771. His third wife was Hildegard of Savoy (757 or 758-783 or 784), married 771, died 784. By her he had: Charles the ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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As Adam of Bremen reported in 1076, the Eider river was the border between Denmark and the Saxon territories. Knud Lavard (Eng. Canute Lavard )(killed 1131), son of a Danish king, became Duke of Jutland or Southern Jutland. His son ascended the Danish throne, and the main branch continued as Kings - whereas a cadet branch descended from Abel of Denmark received Southern Jutland (Slesvig) as their appanage. During the rule of the dynasty Southern Jutland functioned as the Duchy which provided for the expences of Royal Princes. Rivalry of royal succession led to longlasting ...

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History of Schleswig-Holstein, History of Schleswig-Holstein - Early history, History of Schleswig-Holstein - Feudal era, History of Schleswig-Holstein - Nationalism, History of Schleswig-Holstein - The recent century

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Shi'a Islam - Main Shi'a doctrines. Shi'a believe in doctrines included in the Sunni five pillars of Islam, however Shi'a categorize them differently. Shi'a beliefs include the following: Roots of Religion (Usūl al-Dīn) Tawhīd (Oneness): The Oneness of God Adalah (Justice): The Justice of God Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (i.e. a perfect system on how to live in "peace".) ...

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Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Etymology, Shi'a Islam - Introduction, Shi'a Islam - Demographics of Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Main Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Additional doctrines, Shi'a Islam - The Shi'a denominations, Shi'a Islam - Status of a Shi'a Imam, Shi'a Islam - The role of religious scholars, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a and Sunni traditions, Shi'a Islam - Collections of Hadiths from Shi'a sources include, Shi'a Islam - Religious calendar, Shi'a Islam - History of the Shi'a, Shi'a Islam - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Shi'a Islam - Major centers of Shi'a scholarship, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a texts

Read more here: » Shi'a Islam: Encyclopedia II - Shi'a Islam - Shi'a doctrines

Main articles: Status of a Shi'a Imam, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]]See also:

Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Etymology, Shi'a Islam - Introduction, Shi'a Islam - Demographics of Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Main Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Additional doctrines, Shi'a Islam - The Shi'a denominations, Shi'a Islam - Status of a Shi'a Imam, Shi'a Islam - The role of religious scholars, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a and Sunni traditions, Shi'a Islam - Collections of Hadiths from Shi'a sources include, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a Hadith, Shi'a Islam - Religious calendar, Shi'a Islam - History of the Shi'a, Shi'a Islam - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Shi'a Islam - Major centers of Shi'a scholarship, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a texts

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Charlemagne, being a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies, enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture. One of the great medieval literary cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France, centers around the deeds of Charlemagne and his historical commander of the Breton border, Roland, and the paladins who are analogous to the knights of the Round Table or King Arthur's court. Their ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

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Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs. His first wife was Himiltrude, married in 766. The marriage was never formally annulled. By her he had: Pippin the Hunchback (767-813) His second wife was Ermengarda (often erroneously called Desiderata or Desideria), daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards, married in 768, annulled in 771. His third wife was Hildegard of Savoy (757 or 758]]-783 or 784), married 771, died 784. By her he had: Charles ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Family

The Shi'a of the present day are divided into denominations based on their beliefs regarding the sequence of the imams. Most Shi'a are Twelvers; they recognize twelve imams, of whom the twelfth, the Mahdi, has been occluded, or removed from human view, and will return at some time in the future. Ali ibn Abu Talib (600–661), also known as Ali Amir al Mo'mineen Hasan ibn Ali (625–669), also known as Hasan al Mujtaba Husayn ibn Ali (626–680), also known as Husayn al Shahe ...

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Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Etymology, Shi'a Islam - Introduction, Shi'a Islam - Demographics of Shi'a Islam, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Main Shi'a doctrines, Shi'a Islam - Additional doctrines, Shi'a Islam - The Shi'a denominations, Shi'a Islam - Status of a Shi'a Imam, Shi'a Islam - The role of religious scholars, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a and Sunni traditions, Shi'a Islam - Collections of Hadiths from Shi'a sources include, Shi'a Islam - Religious calendar, Shi'a Islam - History of the Shi'a, Shi'a Islam - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Shi'a Islam - Major centers of Shi'a scholarship, Shi'a Islam - Shi'a texts

Read more here: » Shi'a Islam: Encyclopedia II - Shi'a Islam - The Shi'a denominations

There is a debate over how Rurik came to control Ladoga and Novgorod. The only information about him is contained in the 12th-century Russian Primary Chronicle, which states that Chuds, Slavs, Merias, Veses and Krivichs "…drove the Varangians back beyond the sea, refused to pay them tribute, and set out to govern themselves". Afterwards the tribes started fighting each other and decided to i ...

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Rurik, Rurik - Name, Rurik - History, Rurik - Disputed origin, Rurik - Hrörek of Dorestad

Read more here: » Rurik: Encyclopedia II - Rurik - History

As an administrator, Charlemagne stands out for his many reforms: monetary, governmental, military, or ecclesiastical. Charlemagne - Monetary reforms. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne did away with the monetary system based on the gold sou. Both he and the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up the system set in place by Pippin. He set up a new standard, the livre (from the Latin libra, the modern pound)—a unit of both money and weight—which was worth 20 sous (from the L ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Administration

Charlemagne enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture. One of the great medieval literature cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France, centers around the deeds of Charlemagne's historical commander of the Breton border, Roland, and the paladins who served as a counterpart to the knights of the Round Table; their tales were first told in the chansons de geste. Charlemagne himself was accorded sainthood inside the Holy Roman Empire after the twelfth century. His canonization by Antipope Paschal III was never recognized by the Holy Se ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Cultural significance

As a result of the plebiscite, the upper half of Schleswig joined Denmark, while the lower half stayed with Germany. Though there as a result were a Danish minority in Southern Schleswig and a German minority in Northern Schleswig, the minorities were granted rights to practice their language and culture, to such a degree that the division and minorities as of 2005 is not a political issue between Denmark and Germany. After Germany had lost World War II there again was a possibility that Denmark could reacquire some of its lost territ ...

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History of Schleswig-Holstein, History of Schleswig-Holstein - Early history, History of Schleswig-Holstein - Feudal era, History of Schleswig-Holstein - Nationalism, History of Schleswig-Holstein - The recent century

Read more here: » History of Schleswig-Holstein: Encyclopedia II - History of Schleswig-Holstein - The recent century

Tikal was one of the major cultural and population centers of the Maya civilization. Monumental architecture was built here as early as the 4th century BC. The city was at its height in the Maya Classic Period, approximately 200 AD to 850 AD, after which no new major monuments were built, some of the palaces of the elite were burned, and the population gradually declined until the site was abandoned by the end of the 10th century. The name "Tikal" means "Place of Voices" or "Place of Tongues" in Maya, which may be an ancient name for the cit ...

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Tikal, Tikal - Tikal in the Classic era, Tikal - The site, Tikal - Ancient history of Tikal, Tikal - Rulers, Tikal - Modern history of Tikal

Read more here: » Tikal: Encyclopedia II - Tikal - Tikal in the Classic era

The Galician folk revival drew on early 20th century performers like Perfecto Feijoo, a gateiro and hurdy-gurdy player. The first commercial recording of Galician music had come in 1904, by a corale called Aires d'a Terra from Pontevedra. The middle of the century saw the rise of Ricardo Portela, who inspired many of the revivalist's performers, and played in influential bands like Milladoiro. During the regime of Francisco Franco, Galician folk music was suppressed, or forced to adopt lyrics with little for most listeners to c ...

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Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - History, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Revival, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Traditional instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Wind instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - String instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Percussion, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Gaita, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Songs, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Dances

Read more here: » Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias: Encyclopedia II - Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Revival

In recent times, however, many Galician folk musicians have considered Galician music to be at least partially “Celtic” in origin, and whether or not this is the case much modern Galician folk and folk-rock is strongly influenced by Irish and Scottish traditions. Certainly, Galicia is nowadays a strong player on the international Celtic folk scene; and as a result, elements of the pre-industrial Galician tradition have become integrated into the modern Celtic folk repertoire and style. Many, however, claim that the "Celtic" ...

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Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - History, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Revival, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Traditional instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Wind instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - String instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Percussion, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Gaita, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Songs, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Dances

Read more here: » Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias: Encyclopedia II - Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - History

The oldest and best-known form of Galician music is the alalás, a form of chanting that has been associated with Galician nationalism. They share characteristics with Celtic nations as well as Castilian, German, Arab and other Mediterranean-area peoples. Their origin is shrouded in mystery, with some scholars asserting Gregorian chants as a major souce, while others point to Greek or Phoenician rowing songs called alelohuías. Alalás are arhythmic and based on a single, short theme that repeats the melody, separated by instru ...

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Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - History, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Revival, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Traditional instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Wind instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - String instruments, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Percussion, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Gaita, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Songs, Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Dances

Read more here: » Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias: Encyclopedia II - Music of Galicia Cantabria and Asturias - Songs

Nengō, originated in China in 140 BC, was adopted by Japan in AD 645 during the reign of Empress Kōtoku (孝徳天皇). The first era name was Taika (大化), celebrating the revolutionary political changes following the great Taika reform (大化改新). Although the practice of nengō was once interrupted in the latter half of the seventh century, it was re-adopted in 701 and has been used continuously ever since. Japane ...

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Japanese era name, Japanese era name - Overview, Japanese era name - Historical nengō, Japanese era name - Nengō in Modern Japan, Japanese era name - Conversion table from nengō to Gregorian calendar years, Japanese era name - Unofficial nengō system 私年号

Read more here: » Japanese era name: Encyclopedia II - Japanese era name - Overview