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There have been a number of notable translations of Du Fu’s work into English. The translators have each had to contend with the same problems of bringing out the formal constraints of the original without sounding laboured to the western ear (particularly when translating lǜshi), and of dealing with the allusions contained particularly in the later works (Hawkes writes that "his poems do not as a rule come through very well in translation" — p. ix). One extreme on each issue is represented by Kenneth Rexroth’s One Hundred P ...

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Du Fu, Du Fu - Life, Du Fu - Early years, Du Fu - War, Du Fu - Chengdu, Du Fu - Last years, Du Fu - Works, Du Fu - History, Du Fu - Moral engagement, Du Fu - Technical excellence, Du Fu - Influence, Du Fu - Translation

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Criticism of Du Fu's works has focused on his strong sense of history, his moral engagement, and his technical excellence. Du Fu - History. Since the Song dynasty Du Fu has been called by critics the "poet historian". The most directly historical of his poems are those commenting on military tactics or the successes and failures of the government, or the poems of advice which he wrote to the emperor. Indirectly, he wrote about the effect of the times in which he lived on himself, and on the ordinary people of China. As Watson notes, this is information "of a kind seldom found in the officially compiled h ...

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Du Fu, Du Fu - Life, Du Fu - Early years, Du Fu - War, Du Fu - Chengdu, Du Fu - Last years, Du Fu - Works, Du Fu - History, Du Fu - Moral engagement, Du Fu - Technical excellence, Du Fu - Influence, Du Fu - Translation

Read more here: » Du Fu: Encyclopedia II - Du Fu - Works

Constantinople was historically important for a number of reasons. Constantinople was one of the larger and richer urban centers in the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Roman Empire, mostly due to its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean and the Black Sea. During the Fourth Century AD the Emperor Constantine relocated his eastern capital to Byzantium, hence the name Constantinople (Constantine's City), in an attempt to reinvigorate the Empire. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek speaking ...

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Constantinople, Constantinople - Names, Constantinople - Byzantium, Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation, Constantinople - Public buildings, Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire, Constantinople - The City under Justinian, Constantinople - The City after Justinian, Constantinople - Importance of the City in its prime, Constantinople - The Isaurians, Constantinople - The Comneni and Palaeologi, Constantinople - The Ottomans, Constantinople - Constantinople in popular culture, Constantinople - Notes

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The emperor Justinian (527-565) was known for his successes in war, for his legal reforms and for his public works. It was from Constantinople that his expedition for the reconquest of Africa set sail on or about 21 June 533. Before their departure the ship of the commander, Belisarius, anchored in front of the Imperial palace, and the Patriarch offered prayers for the success of the enterprise. Chariot-racing had been important in Rome for centuries. In Constantinople, the hippodrome became over time increasingly a place of political ...

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Constantinople, Constantinople - Names, Constantinople - Byzantium, Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation, Constantinople - Public buildings, Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire, Constantinople - The City under Justinian, Constantinople - The City after Justinian, Constantinople - Importance of the City in its prime, Constantinople - The Isaurians, Constantinople - The Comneni and Palaeologi, Constantinople - The Ottomans, Constantinople - Constantinople in popular culture, Constantinople - Notes

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Italian nationalism had been stoked during the Napoleonic period but dashed by the settlement of the Congress of Vienna, which left Italy divided and largely under Austrian domination. In 1848, nationalist and liberal revolutions began to break out across Europe; in 1849, a Roman Republic was declared and the pope fled the city. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, recently elected president of the newly declared French Second Republic, saw an opportunity to assuage conservative Catholic opinion in France, and in cooperation with Austria sent troops to ...

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Papal States, Papal States - Origins, Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire, Papal States - The Renaissance, Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States, Papal States - Institutions

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The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, al-Mansur, moved their capital from Damascus to the new city of Baghdad and welcomed non-Arab Muslims to their court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the Khorasanian Arabs who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads. These fissures in their support led to immediate problems. The Umayyads, while out of power, were not d ...

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Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link

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The French Revolution proved as disastrous for the temporal territories of the Papacy as it was for the Catholic Church in general. In 1791 the Comtat Venaissin and Avignon were annexed by France. Later, with the French invasion of Italy in 1796, the Legations were seized and became part of the Cisalpine Republic. Two years later, the Papal States as a whole were invaded by French forces, who declared a Roman Republic. Pope Pius VI died in exile in France in 1799. The Papal States were restored in June of 1800, and Pope Pius VII returned, bu ...

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Papal States, Papal States - Origins, Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire, Papal States - The Renaissance, Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States, Papal States - Institutions

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During the Renaissance, the papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Pope Alexander VI and Pope Julius II. The Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church, signing treaties with other sovereigns and fighting wars. In practice, though, most of the Papal States was still only nominally controlled by the Pope, and much of the territory was ruled by minor princes. Control was always contested; indeed it took until the 16th century for the Pope to ha ...

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Papal States, Papal States - Origins, Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire, Papal States - The Renaissance, Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States, Papal States - Institutions

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When the Exarchate finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. Pope Stephen III acted to neutralize the Lombard threat by courting the de facto Frankish ruler, Pippin the Younger. Stephen gave church sanction to Pippin's desire to depose the Merovingian figurehead Childeric III and take the throne himself; he also granted Pippin the title Patrician of the Romans. In return, Pippin led a Frankish army into Italy in 754 and 756. Pipp ...

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Papal States, Papal States - Origins, Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire, Papal States - The Renaissance, Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States, Papal States - Institutions

Read more here: » Papal States: Encyclopedia II - Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire

In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, drawn mostly from Turkish slaves, known as Mamluks, with some Slavs and Berbers participating as well. This force, created in the reign of al-Ma'mun (813 - 833), and his brother and successor al-Mu'tasim (833 - 842), prevented the further distintegration of the empire. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to deal with domestic and foreign problems. Howe ...

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Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link

Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - The Mamluks

The reigns of Harun al-Rashid (786 - 809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims. A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule, many of them non-Muslims or heretical Muslims, played a role in transmitting Greek, Hindu, and ...

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Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link

Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty

The support of the Frankish Mayors of the Palace (maior domos) and later, the early Pippinid and Carolingian rulers, was important to Boniface's program of forcible conversion. The Christian Frankish leaders desired to defeat their rival power, the Heathen Saxons, and to take the Saxon lands for their growing empire. Boniface's destruction of the indigenous Germanic faith and holy sites was an important part of the Frankish campaign. Boniface balanced this support and attempted to maintain some independence, however, by attaining the ...

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Saint Boniface, Saint Boniface - Early Life, Saint Boniface - First Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes, Saint Boniface - Boniface and the Carolingians, Saint Boniface - Last Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Trivia

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Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad on (February 10, 1258), causing great loss of life. Hulagu and many others feared an earthquake or other shock to nature occurring if the blood of Al-Musta'sim, the last reigning Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, a direct descendent of Mohammed's uncle, was spilled. Despite having taken advice from Learned Shiites that no such calamity had happened after the deaths of John the Baptist, Jesus Christ, or the Shiite saint Hosein, as a precaution Hulagu had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and then trodden to death by hors ...

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Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link

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Taizong was born in Lunghsi (in present-day Kansu. Taizong was known as a Hojen (胡人).) as the second son of Li Yuan, and was of one-quarter Xianbei (a people related to modern-day Turks) blood. The most capable and militarily inclined of Lee Yuan's many sons, Taizong showed his promise at an early age, helping to rescue Emperor Yang from a Turkic ambush and besiegement at the age of sixteen. In 616, the eighteen-year-old Taizong followed his general-father to his garrison-post at Jinyang, Shanxi, where he instigated his father to stage a ...

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Emperor Taizong of Tang China, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Chinese popculture

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He had: Wende-shunsheng Empress (文德順聖皇后), Zhangsun-shi (長孫氏) Xian Consort (賢妃), Xu Hui (徐惠) Consort Yang I (楊妃) Consort Yang II (楊妃) Yang-shi (楊氏) Consort Yin (陰妃) Consort Yan (燕妃) Secondary Consort Wei (韋貴妃) Wang-shi (王氏) He had fourteen sons (in order): Crown Prince Li Chengqian: son of Wende Empress Prince Chu, Li Kuan (楚王寬): son of one from the harem　　See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang China, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang China: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Family

After the last ice age, sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. The Mainz Sand Dunes area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and rare steppe vegetation for this area. Johann Gutenberg, credited with the invention of the modern printing press with movable type, was born here and died here. The Mainz University, which was refounded in 1946, is named after Gutenberg; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been cl ...

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Mainz, Mainz - Introduction, Mainz - History, Mainz - Sights, Mainz - Miscellaneous, Mainz - Twinning, Mainz - Alternative names

Read more here: » Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Mainz - Miscellaneous

Mainz is located on the left bank of the river Rhine, opposite the confluence of the Main river with the Rhine. Population (2002): 183,822 (an additional 18,619 people maintain a primary residence elsewhere but have a second home in Mainz). Mainz is easily reached from Frankfurt International Airport in 25 minutes by commuter railway (S-Bahn). The city consists of 15 districts: Altstadt, Neustadt, Mombach, Gonsenheim, Hartenberg-Münchfeld, Oberstadt, Bretzenheim, Finthen, Drais, Lerchenberg, Marienborn, Hechtsheim, Ebersheim, ...

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Mainz, Mainz - Introduction, Mainz - History, Mainz - Sights, Mainz - Miscellaneous, Mainz - Twinning, Mainz - Alternative names

Read more here: » Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Mainz - Introduction

900: premium-rate telephone numbers 901: Tennessee (Memphis, Covington, Somerville and south western Tennessee) 902: Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island 903: Texas (Tyler, Sherman, Longview, Marshall, Palestine, Jacksonville, Carthage, and Northeast Texas) 904: Florida (Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Starke, Green Cove Springs and northeastern Florida) 905: Ontario (Niagara Peninsula, Hamilton, GTA suburbs and central southeastern Ontario, overlays with 289) 906: M ...

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List of North American area codes, List of North American area codes - 200, List of North American area codes - 300, List of North American area codes - 400, List of North American area codes - 500, List of North American area codes - 600, List of North American area codes - 700, List of North American area codes - 800, List of North American area codes - 900

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601: Mississippi (Jackson, Meridian, Natchez, McComb, Hattiesburg and central Mississippi) 602: Arizona (Central Phoenix only) 603: New Hampshire 604: British Columbia (Greater Vancouver Regional District and Abbotsford overlay with 778. Whistler, Chilliwack and remaining portion of 604 not part of overlay complex) 605: South Dakota 606: Kentucky (Ashland, Hazard, Somerset, London, Corbin, Pikeville, Maysville and eastern Kentucky) 607: New York (Bing ...

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List of North American area codes, List of North American area codes - 200, List of North American area codes - 300, List of North American area codes - 400, List of North American area codes - 500, List of North American area codes - 600, List of North American area codes - 700, List of North American area codes - 800, List of North American area codes - 900

Read more here: » List of North American area codes: Encyclopedia II - List of North American area codes - 600

800: toll-free 801: Utah (Salt Lake City, Ogden, Provo, Park City, Payson, Bountiful and central Utah) 802: Vermont (all) 803: South Carolina (Columbia, Rock Hill, Sumter, Aiken and central South Carolina) 804: Virginia (Richmond, Petersburg, West Point, Chester; east central Virginia, Northern Neck, and Middle Peninsula) 805: California (San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura; southwest central coastal California) 806: Texas (Amarillo, Lubbock, C ...

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List of North American area codes, List of North American area codes - 200, List of North American area codes - 300, List of North American area codes - 400, List of North American area codes - 500, List of North American area codes - 600, List of North American area codes - 700, List of North American area codes - 800, List of North American area codes - 900

Read more here: » List of North American area codes: Encyclopedia II - List of North American area codes - 800

Main article: Papal regalia and insignia. The "triregnum" also called the "tiara" or "triple crown"; recent popes have not, however, worn the triregnum though it remains the symbol of the Papacy and has not been abolished. In liturgical ceremonies popes wear an episcopal mitre (an erect cloth hat). Staff topped by a crucifix, a custom established before the 13th century. The pallium (a circular band of fabric about two inches wide, worn over the chasuble about the neck, breast and shoulders and ha ...

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Pope, Pope - Office and nature, Pope - Regalia and insignia, Pope - Status and authority, Pope - Political role, Pope - Death abdication and election, Pope - Death, Pope - Abdication, Pope - Election, Pope - Objections to the Papacy, Pope - Other Popes

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The status and authority of the pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the First Vatican Council in its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ (July 18, 1870). The first chapter of this document is entitled "On the institution of the apostolic primacy in blessed Peter", and states that (s.1) "according to the Gospel evidence, a primacy of jurisdiction over the whole church of God was immediately and directly promised to the blessed apostle Peter and conferred on him by Christ the Lord" and that (s.6) "if anyone ...

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Pope, Pope - Office and nature, Pope - Regalia and insignia, Pope - Status and authority, Pope - Political role, Pope - Death abdication and election, Pope - Death, Pope - Abdication, Pope - Election, Pope - Objections to the Papacy, Pope - Other Popes

Read more here: » Pope: Encyclopedia II - Pope - Status and authority