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754 | A Wisdom Archive on 754 | | 754 A selection of articles related to 754 | |
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754, 754, 754 - Deaths, 754 - Events
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO 754 | | | |  754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - The history of the caliphateAbu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and the Muslim community submitted to his choice. Uthman was elected by a council of electors, but was soon perceived by some Muslims to be ruling as a "king" rather than an elected leader. Uthman was killed by rebellious soldiers. Ali then took control, but was not universally accepted as caliph. He faced numerous rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. This period ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - The history of the caliphate |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end See the article Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate.
On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, constitutionally abolished the institution of the Caliphate. Its powers were transfered to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish nation-state and the title has since been inactive. Scattered attempts to revive the Caliphate elsewhere in the Muslim World were made in the years immediately following its abandonment by Turkey, but none were successful. Hussein bin Al ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - The end of the caliphate Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad on (February 10, 1258), causing great loss of life. Hulagu and many others feared an earthquake or other shock to nature occurring if the blood of Al-Musta'sim, the last reigning Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, a direct descendent of Mohammed's uncle, was spilled. Despite having taken advice from Learned Shiites that no such calamity had happened after the deaths of John the Baptist, Jesus Christ, or the Shiite saint Hosein, as a precaution Hulagu had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and then trodden to death by hors ...
See also:Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs on behalf of Mamluk Sultans of Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - The end of the caliphate |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty The reigns of Harun al-Rashid (786 - 809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims.
A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Greek, Hindu, and other pre-Islamic knowledge to the Christian We ...
See also:Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs on behalf of Mamluk Sultans of Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - The Mamluks In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, drawn mostly from Turkish slaves, known as Mamluks, with some Slavs and Berbers participating as well. This force, created in the reign of al-Ma'mun (813 - 833), and his brother and successor al-Mu'tasim (833 - 842), prevented the further distintegration of the empire.
The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to deal with domestic and foreign problems. Howe ...
See also:Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs on behalf of Mamluk Sultans of Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - The Mamluks |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Revival of the caliphate Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lain dormant and largely unclaimed for much of the past 81 years.
Though Islam is still a dominant influence in most Muslim societies and many Muslims might favor a caliphate in the abstract, tight restrictions on political activity in many Muslim countries coupled with the tremendous practical obstacles to uniting over fifty disparate nation-states under a single institution have prevented efforts to revive the caliphate from garnering much acti ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Revival of the caliphate |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Dynasties The more important dynasties include:
The Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by:
The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258), and later in Cairo (under Mameluk control) (1260-1517)
The Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty in North Africa and Egypt (909-1171). Not universally accepted and not currently included in the following list.
The Rahmanids, a surviving branch of the Damascus Umayyads, established 'in exile' as Emirs of Córdoba, Spain, declared themselves Caliphs (known as the Caliphs of Cordoba; ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Dynasties |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Franks - The earliest records of the Franks The earliest Frankish history remains relatively unclear. Our main source, the Gallo-Roman chronicler Gregory of Tours, whose Historia Francorum (History of the Franks) covers the period up to 594, quotes from otherwise lost sources like Sulpicius Alexander and Frigeridus and profits from Gregory's personal contact with many Frankish notables. Apart from Gregory's History there exist some earl ...
See also:Franks, Franks - The earliest records of the Franks, Franks - The Frankish Empire, Franks - Foundation, Franks - The Merovingians, Franks - The Carolingians, Franks - Carolingian legacy, Franks - Crusaders and other Western Europeans as Franks Read more here: » Franks: Encyclopedia II - Franks - The earliest records of the Franks |
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| | | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements Taizong was born in Lunghsi (in present-day Kansu. Taizong was known as a Hojen (胡人).) as the second son of Li Yuan, and was of one-quarter Xianbei (a people related to modern-day Turks) blood. The most capable and militarily inclined of Li Yuan's many sons, Taizong showed his promise at an early age, helping to rescue Emperor Yang from a Turkic ambush and besiegement at the age of sixteen. In 616, the eighteen-year-old Taizong followed his general-father to his garrison-post at Jinyang, Shanxi, where he instigated his father to stage a ...
See also:Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Chinese popculture Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats Years according to the Christian era (all AD)
Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided.
Accepted by Sunni Muslims and international consensus as the first four rulers; Shi'a Muslims believe that the first three were usurpers.
Abu Bakr - 632 - 634
Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634 - 644
Uthman ibn Affan - 644 - 656
Ali ibn Abi Talib - 656 - 661 (the only caliph universally accepted by Sunnis and Shi'as)
Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus.
Muawi ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Abu al-'Abbas' successor, al-Mansur, moved their capital from Damascus to the new city of Baghdad and welcomed non-Arab Muslims to their court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the Khorasanian Arabs who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads.
These fissures in their support led to immediate problems. The Umayyads, while out of power, were not d ...
See also:Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs on behalf of Mamluk Sultans of Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - List of North American area codes - 700 701: North Dakota (all)
702: Nevada (almost all of Clark County, including all of Las Vegas)
703: Virginia (Northern Virginia: Alexandria, Arlington, Fairfax, Prince William and eastern Loudoun counties, overlaid by 571)
704: North Carolina (Charlotte, Kingstown and south central North Carolina, overlaid by 980)
705: Ontario (northeastern and central—North Bay, Greater Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, Timmins, Barrie)
706: Georgia (Augusta, Columbus, Lagrange, Rome, Dalton and northern and west central Georgia), to be overlayed in 2006 ...
See also:List of North American area codes, List of North American area codes - 200, List of North American area codes - 300, List of North American area codes - 400, List of North American area codes - 500, List of North American area codes - 600, List of North American area codes - 700, List of North American area codes - 800, List of North American area codes - 900 Read more here: » List of North American area codes: Encyclopedia II - List of North American area codes - 700 |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats Years according to the Christian era (all AD)
Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided.
Accepted by Sunni Muslims and international consensus as the first four rulers; Shi'a Muslims believe that the first three were usurpers.
Abu Bakr - 632 - 634
Umar ibn al-Khattab - 634 - 644
Uthman ibn Affan - 644 - 656
Ali ibn Abi Talib - 656 - 661 (the only caliph universally accepted by Sunnis and Shi'as)
Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus.
Muawi ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation Constantine had altogether more ambitious plans. Having restored the unity of the empire, now overseeing the progress of major governmental reforms and sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church, Constantine was well aware that Rome had become an unsatisfactory capital for several reasons. Located in central Italy, Rome lay too far from the eastern imperial frontiers, and hence also from the legions and the Imperial courts.Moreover, Rome offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians; it also suffered regularly from ...
See also:Constantinople, Constantinople - Names, Constantinople - Byzantium, Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation, Constantinople - Public buildings, Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire, Constantinople - The City under Justinian, Constantinople - The City after Justinian, Constantinople - Importance of the City in its prime, Constantinople - The Isaurians, Constantinople - The Comneni and Palaeologi, Constantinople - The Ottomans, Constantinople - Constantinople in popular culture, Constantinople - Notes Read more here: » Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Dynasties The more important dynasties include:
The Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by:
The Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258), and later in Cairo (under Mameluk control) (1260-1517)
The Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty in North Africa and Egypt (909-1171). Not universally accepted and not currently included in the following list.
The Rahmanids, a surviving branch of the Damascus Umayyads, established 'in exile' as Emirs of Córdoba, Spain, declared themselves Caliphs (known as the Caliphs of Cordoba; ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Dynasties |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lay dormant and largely unclaimed for much of the past 81 years. The reasons for this are varied and complex. During the first half of the European Middle Ages, the balance of power between the West and the Muslim World was tilted heavily in the latter's favor. Within 150 years of Muhammad's death, the Islamic Caliphate had grown to swallow fully half of the Christian world, which had been mired in internal conflict and was caught off-guard by the Islam ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - The history of the caliphate Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and the Muslim community submitted to his choice. Uthman was elected by a council of electors, but was soon perceived by many Muslims to be ruling as a "king" rather than an elected leader. Uthman was killed by rebellious soldiers. Ali then took control, but was not universally accepted as caliph. He faced numerous rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. This period ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - The history of the caliphate |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end See the article Demise of the Ottoman Caliphate.
On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, constitutionally abolished the institution of the Caliphate. Its powers were transfered to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish nation-state and the title has since been inactive. Scattered attempts to revive the Caliphate elsewhere in the Muslim World were made in the years immediately following its abandonment by Turkey, but none were successful. Hussein bin Al ...
See also:Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Constantinople - Public buildings Constantinople was a Christian city, lying in the most Christianised part of the Empire. Justinian made the temples of Byzantium into ruins, and erected the splendid Church of the Holy Wisdom, Sancta Sophia (also known as Hagia Sophia in Greek), as the centrepiece of his Christian capital. He oversaw also the building of the Church of the Holy Apostles, and that of St Irene.
Constantine laid out anew the square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augusteum in honour of his mother, Helena. Sancta Sophia lay on the north side ...
See also:Constantinople, Constantinople - Names, Constantinople - Byzantium, Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation, Constantinople - Public buildings, Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire, Constantinople - The City under Justinian, Constantinople - The City after Justinian, Constantinople - Importance of the City in its prime, Constantinople - The Isaurians, Constantinople - The Comneni and Palaeologi, Constantinople - The Ottomans, Constantinople - Constantinople in popular culture, Constantinople - Notes Read more here: » Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Constantinople - Public buildings |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire The first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople was Honoratus, who took office on 11 December 359 and held it until 361. The emperor Valens built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors, up to Zeno and Basiliscus, who were elevated at Constantinople, were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the church of John the Baptist to house a relic of the saint, put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus, and turned ...
See also:Constantinople, Constantinople - Names, Constantinople - Byzantium, Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation, Constantinople - Public buildings, Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire, Constantinople - The City under Justinian, Constantinople - The City after Justinian, Constantinople - Importance of the City in its prime, Constantinople - The Isaurians, Constantinople - The Comneni and Palaeologi, Constantinople - The Ottomans, Constantinople - Constantinople in popular culture, Constantinople - Notes Read more here: » Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire |
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| | | | | 754: Encyclopedia II - Du Fu - Influence In his lifetime, and immediately following his death, Du Fu was not greatly appreciated. In part this can be attributed to his stylistic and formal innovations, some of which are still "considered extremely daring and bizarre by Chinese critics" (Hawkes, p. 4). However, as Hung notes, he "is the only Chinese poet whose influence grew with time" (p. 1), and in the ninth century he began to increase in popularity. With time, his innovations began to seem less radical, and hindsight could appreciate the historical aspects of his poems better th ...
See also:Du Fu, Du Fu - Life, Du Fu - Early years, Du Fu - War, Du Fu - Chengdu, Du Fu - Last years, Du Fu - Works, Du Fu - History, Du Fu - Moral engagement, Du Fu - Technical excellence, Du Fu - Influence, Du Fu - Translation Read more here: » Du Fu: Encyclopedia II - Du Fu - Influence |
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