754

Most academic scholars agree that Muhammad had not explicitly established how the Muslim community was to be governed after his death. Two questions faced these early Muslims: who was to succeed Muhammad, and what sort of authority he was to exercise. Caliph - Succession to Muhammad. Fred Donner, in his book The Early Islamic Conquests (1981), argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and choose a le ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Reasons for the fall and continuing dormancy of the Caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia, Caliph - Sources and references

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Origins of the caliphate

Pope - Death. The current regulations regarding a papal interregnum — i.e., a sede vacante ("vacant seat") — were promulgated by John Paul II in his 1996 document Universi Dominici Gregis. During the "Reading Festival", the Sacred College of Cardinals, composed of the pope's principal advisors and assistants, is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the Cardinal Chamberlain; however, canon law specifically forbids the Cardinal ...

See also:

Pope, Pope - Office and nature, Pope - Regalia and insignia, Pope - Status and authority, Pope - Political role, Pope - Death, abdication, and election, Pope - Death, Pope - Abdication, Pope - Election, Pope - Objections to the Papacy, Pope - Other Popes

Read more here: » Pope: Encyclopedia II - Pope - Death, abdication, and election

An antipope is a person who claims the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church, or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time (see Papal Schism). "The Black Pope" is a derogatory name given to the Superior General of the Society of Jesus due to the Jesuits' practice of wearing black cassocks (compared to the pope's always wearing white robes), and to the order's speci ...

See also:

Pope, Pope - Office and nature, Pope - Regalia and insignia, Pope - Status and authority, Pope - Political role, Pope - Death abdication and election, Pope - Death, Pope - Abdication, Pope - Election, Pope - Objections to the Papacy, Pope - Other Popes

Read more here: » Pope: Encyclopedia II - Pope - Other Popes

The pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is dogmatic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council anathematised all who dispute the pope's primacy of honour and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). However, the pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to denomination, ...

See also:

Pope, Pope - Office and nature, Pope - Regalia and insignia, Pope - Status and authority, Pope - Political role, Pope - Death abdication and election, Pope - Death, Pope - Abdication, Pope - Election, Pope - Objections to the Papacy, Pope - Other Popes

Read more here: » Pope: Encyclopedia II - Pope - Objections to the Papacy

At the introduction of Athlon 64 in September 2003, only Socket 754 and Socket 940 (Opteron) were ready and available. The onboard memory controller was not capable of running unbuffered (non-registered) memory in dual-channel mode at the time of release; as a stopgap measure, they introduced the Athlon 64 on Socket 754, and brought out a non-multiprocessor version of the Opteron called the Athlon 64 FX, as a multiplier unlocked enthusiast part for Socket 940, comparable to Intel's Pentium 4 Extreme Edition for the high end market. In ...

See also:

Athlon 64, Athlon 64 - Features, Athlon 64 - Sockets, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 FX models, Athlon 64 - Sledgehammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Toledo 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 models, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Newcastle 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Winchester 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Venice 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI

Read more here: » Athlon 64: Encyclopedia II - Athlon 64 - Sockets

Athlon 64 - Sledgehammer 130 nm SOI. CPU-Stepping: C0, CG L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions) L2-Cache: 1024 KB, fullspeed MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64 Socket 940, 800 MHz HyperTransport (HT800) Registered DDR-SDRAM required VCore: 1.50/1.55 V Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max First Release: September 23, 2003 Clockrate: 2200 MH ...

See also:

Athlon 64, Athlon 64 - Features, Athlon 64 - Sockets, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 FX models, Athlon 64 - Sledgehammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Toledo 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 models, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Newcastle 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Winchester 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Venice 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI

Read more here: » Athlon 64: Encyclopedia II - Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 FX models

Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI. CPU-Stepping: C0, CG L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions) L2-Cache: 1024 KB, fullspeed MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit (only CG) Socket 754, 800 MHz HyperTransport (HT800) Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000) VCore: 1.50 V Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max First Release: September 23, 2003 Clockrate: 2000 - 2600 MHz See also:

Athlon 64, Athlon 64 - Features, Athlon 64 - Sockets, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 FX models, Athlon 64 - Sledgehammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Toledo 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 models, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Newcastle 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Winchester 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Venice 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI

Read more here: » Athlon 64: Encyclopedia II - Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 models

He had: Wende-shunsheng Empress (文德順聖皇后), Zhangsun-shi (長孫氏) Xian Consort (賢妃), Xu Hui (徐惠) Consort Yang I (楊妃) Consort Yang II (楊妃) Yang-shi (楊氏) Consort Yin (陰妃) Consort Yan (燕妃) Secondary Consort Wei (韋貴妃) Wang-shi (王氏) He had fourteen sons (in order): Crown Prince Li Chengqian: son of Wende Empress Prince Chu, Li Kuan (楚王寬): son of one from the harem　　See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang - Family

Against this background it is less surprising that, after the French Revolution, when Napoleon invaded and occupied the Netherlands in 1795, the French encountered so little united resistance. William V of Orange fled to England. The Patriots proclaimed the short-lived Batavian Republic, but government was soon returned to stabler and more experienced hands. In 1806 Napoleon restyled the Netherlands (along with a small part of what is now Germany) into the Kingdom of Holland, with his brother Louis (Lodewijk) Bonaparte as king. This too was ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule

After the Napoleonic era the Netherlands were put back on the map of Europe. The country had always been part of the precarious balance of power that had kept France in check. Particularly the Russian tsar wanted the Netherlands to resume this role and wanted the colonies to be returned. A compromise was struck with Britain at the Congress of Vienna, whereby only Indonesia was returned, but the North and South of the Netherlands reunited. In 1815 the country became a monarchy, with the son of the last stadtholder, William V, the Prince of Or ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Monarchy

Most of what is now the Netherlands and Belgium was eventually united by the Duke of Burgundy in 1433. Before the Burgundian union, the Dutch identified themselves by the town where they lived, their local duchy or county or as subjects of the Holy Roman Empire. The Burgundian period is when the Dutch began the road to nationhood. The conquest of the county of Holland by the Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy was an odd affair. Leading noblemen in Holland in fact invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical clai ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period

The newcomers merged with the original inhabitants to create three peoples in the Low Countries: the Frisians along the coast, the Saxons in the east and the Franks in the south. The Franks became Christians after their king Clovis I converted in 496. Christianity was introduced in the north after the conquest of Friesland by the Franks. Anglo-Saxon missionaries such as Willibrord, Wulfram and Boniface were active in converting these tribes to Christianity. Boniface was martyred by the Frisians in Dokkum (754). The Saxons in the east were conv ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire

After Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, he conquered Belgium and The Netherlands around the year 58 BC, which made it the northern border of the European mainland. They built the first cities and created the Roman province of Germania Inferior. For most of the area of Roman occupation in the Netherlands, the boundary of the Roman Empire lay along the Rhine. Romans built the first military forts and cities in the Netherlands. The most important of these were Utrecht, Nijmegen, and Maastricht. The northern part of the Netherlands, which was outsid ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Roman era

Although its army mobilised when World War I broke out in August 1914, the Netherlands remained a neutral country. The German invasion of Belgium that same year led to a large flow of refugees from that country (about 1 million). The country being surrounded by states at war, and with the North Sea unsafe for civilian ships to sail on, food became scarce and was distributed using coupons. With the end of the war in 1918, the situation returned to normalcy. Although both houses of the Dutch parliament were elected by the people, only m ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - 20th century

Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry amongst Muslim rulers, the caliphate has lay dormant and largely unclaimed for much of the past 81 years. Though Islam is still a dominant influence in most Muslim societies and many Muslims might favor a caliphate in the abstract, tight restrictions on political activity in many Muslim countries coupled with the tremendous practical obstacles to uniting over fifty disparate nation-states under a single institution have prevented efforts to revive the caliphate from garnering much activ ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Revival of the caliphate

Nîmes is historically known for its textiles. Denim, the fabric of blue jeans, derives its name from this city (Serge de Nîmes). The asteroid 51 Nemausa was named after Nîmes, where it was discovered in 1858. ...

See also:

Nîmes, Nîmes - History, Nîmes - The Origins of Nimes, Nîmes - Prehistory, Nîmes - From 4000 to 2000 BC, Nîmes - From 1800 to 1 BC, Nîmes - From 600 BC to 49 BC, Nîmes - The Gallo-Roman Period, Nîmes - From the 4th to 5th century, Nîmes - The Time of Invasions, Nîmes - From the 17th Century to the Revolution, Nîmes - From the Revolution to the present pay, Nîmes - Sights, Nîmes - Miscellaneous, Nîmes - People born in Nîmes, Nîmes - Mayors

Read more here: » Nîmes: Encyclopedia II - Nîmes - Miscellaneous

The pope's position as Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church is dogmatic and therefore not open to debate or dispute within the Roman Catholic Church; the First Vatican Council anathematised all who dispute the pope's primacy of honour and of jurisdiction (it is lawful to discuss the precise nature of that primacy, provided that such discussion does not violate the terms of the Council's Dogmatic Constitution). However, the pope's authority is not undisputed outside the Roman Catholic Church; these objections differ from denomination to de ...

See also:

Pope, Pope - Office and nature, Pope - Regalia and insignia, Pope - Status and authority, Pope - Political role, Pope - Death abdication and election, Pope - Death, Pope - Abdication, Pope - Election, Pope - Objections to the Papacy, Pope - Other Popes

Read more here: » Pope: Encyclopedia II - Pope - Objections to the Papacy

Nîmes may have been one of the richest and finest Roman cities of Gaule. Several important remains of the Roman Empire can still be seen in and around Nîmes: The elliptical Roman amphitheatre, of the 1st or 2nd century AD, is the best-preserved Roman arena in France. It was filled with medieval housing, when its walls served as ramparts, but they were cleared under Napoleon. It is still used today as a bull fighting and concert arena. The Maison Carrée (Square House), a small Roman temple dedicated to sons of ...

See also:

Nîmes, Nîmes - History, Nîmes - The Origins of Nimes, Nîmes - Prehistory, Nîmes - From 4000 to 2000 BC, Nîmes - From 1800 to 1 BC, Nîmes - From 600 BC to 49 BC, Nîmes - The Gallo-Roman Period, Nîmes - From the 4th to 5th century, Nîmes - The Time of Invasions, Nîmes - From the 17th Century to the Revolution, Nîmes - From the Revolution to the present pay, Nîmes - Sights, Nîmes - Miscellaneous, Nîmes - People born in Nîmes, Nîmes - Mayors

Read more here: » Nîmes: Encyclopedia II - Nîmes - Sights

The city derives its name from Nemausus 'From The Nile'. The contemporary symbol and shield of the city of Nîmes, a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription 'COLNEM' or short version of 'Colonia Nemausus', is a reference to the colony of Roman legions veterans in Caesar's Nile campaigns. At the end of fifteen years of soldiering, the veterans were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes. Nîme was located on the Via Domitia, a Roman road constructed in ...

See also:

Nîmes, Nîmes - History, Nîmes - The Origins of Nimes, Nîmes - Prehistory, Nîmes - From 4000 to 2000 BC, Nîmes - From 1800 to 1 BC, Nîmes - From 600 BC to 49 BC, Nîmes - The Gallo-Roman Period, Nîmes - From the 4th to 5th century, Nîmes - The Time of Invasions, Nîmes - From the 17th Century to the Revolution, Nîmes - From the Revolution to the present pay, Nîmes - Sights, Nîmes - Miscellaneous, Nîmes - People born in Nîmes, Nîmes - Mayors

Read more here: » Nîmes: Encyclopedia II - Nîmes - History

Mainz is twinned with: - Watford, Hertfordshire (UK), since 1956 - Dijon (France), since 1957 - Longchamp (France), since 1966 - Zagreb (Croatia), since 1967 - Rodeneck/Rodengo (Italy), since 1977 - Valencia (Spain), since 1978 - Haifa (Israel), since 1981 - Erfurt (former East Germany), since 1988 - Louisville, Kentucky (USA), since 1994 and is a ‘Friendship city’ to: - Ba ...

See also:

Mainz, Mainz - Introduction, Mainz - History, Mainz - Sights, Mainz - Miscellaneous, Mainz - Twinning, Mainz - Alternative names

Read more here: » Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Mainz - Twinning

The Netherlands have been inhabited since the last ice age; the oldest remnants that have been found are a hundred thousand years old. During the last ice age, the Netherlands had a tundra climate with very scarce vegetation. The first inhabitants were hunter-gatherers that lived during the last ice age. After the end of the ice age, the area was inhabited by various palaeolithic groups. One group even made canoes (Pesse, around 9000 BC) and after that, around 8000 ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era

History of Rome - Barbarian and Byzantine rule. In 476, the last Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustus, a puppet (like almost all emperors of this period) in the hands of a general, his father Orestes, was deposed by a riot of barbarian troops led by Odoacer and exiled to Naples. The fall of the Western Roman Empire had little impact on Rome. Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths continued, like the last emperors, to rule Italy from Ravenna. Meanwhile, the Senate, even though long since stripped of wider powers, cont ...

See also:

History of Rome, History of Rome - Ancient Rome, History of Rome - Origins, History of Rome - Early peoples of Italy, History of Rome - Etruscan dominance, History of Rome - Roman Republic, History of Rome - Roman Empire, History of Rome - Medieval Rome, History of Rome - Barbarian and Byzantine rule, History of Rome - Holy Roman Empire, History of Rome - Roman Commune, History of Rome - Boniface VIII and the Babylonian captivity, History of Rome - Cola di Rienzo and the Pope's return to Rome, History of Rome - Modern Rome, History of Rome - Renaissance Rome, History of Rome - Sack of Rome and Counter-Reformation, History of Rome - Italian unification, History of Rome - Current state

Read more here: » History of Rome: Encyclopedia II - History of Rome - Medieval Rome