The Athlon 64 features an on-die memory controller, a feature not previously seen on x86 CPUs. Not only does this mean the controller runs at the same clock rate as the CPU itself, it also means the electrical signals have a shorter physical distance to travel compared to the old northbridge interfaces. The result is a significant reduction in latency (response time) for access requests to main memory. Translation Look-Aside Buffers (TLBs) have also been enlarged, with reduced latencies and improved branch prediction, with four times ...

See also:

Athlon 64, Athlon 64 - Features, Athlon 64 - Sockets, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 FX models, Athlon 64 - Sledgehammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Toledo 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Athlon 64 models, Athlon 64 - Clawhammer 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Newcastle 130 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Winchester 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - Venice 90 nm SOI, Athlon 64 - San Diego 90 nm SOI

Read more here: » Athlon 64: Encyclopedia II - Athlon 64 - Features

The original crown prince was Taizong's elder brother Li Jiancheng (李建成) although their father had promised the throne to Taizong more than once for his contributions to Tang. The situation was very similar to that of the Sui Dynasty where an ordinary crown prince would feel his future throne threatened by a more capable younger brother. Fearful of losing his throne, Li Jiancheng colluded with his fourth brother, Li Yuanji (李元吉 aka Prince Qi 齊王), to eliminate Taizong. They attempted to poison Taizong during a feast and at ano ...

See also:

Emperor Taizong of Tang China, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Early Achievements, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Family, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Literature, Emperor Taizong of Tang China - Chinese popculture

Read more here: » Emperor Taizong of Tang China: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Taizong of Tang China - The Palace Coup at the Xuanwu Gate

In 542, Childebert, while making war in Spain, besieged Saragossa, but when he heard that the inhabitants had placed themselves under the protection of St. Vincent, martyr, Childebert raised his siege and spared the city. In gratitude the bishop of Saragossa presented him with the saint's stole. When Childebert came back to Paris, the king caused a church to be erected where he could see it across the fields to receive the relic. In 588 St. Vincent's church was completed and dedicated by Germain, 23 December; on the very same day, Childebert ...

See also:

Germain of Paris, Germain of Paris - The abbey church of Saint-Germain-des-Pres, Germain of Paris - External link

Read more here: » Germain of Paris: Encyclopedia II - Germain of Paris - The abbey church of Saint-Germain-des-Pres

Among the more powerful of the early kings of Gwynedd were Cadwallon ap Cadfan who invaded Northumbria and briefly controlled it, and Rhodri the Great (844 - 878) who was able to add Powys and part of southern Wales to his realm, becoming the first ruler to control the greater part of Wales. On the other hand Howell the Good (942-950) of Deheubarth was able to annex Gwynedd to his own kingdom. During the period of the Norman conquest of Wales, between the years 1066 and 1282, Gwynedd was a centre of national resistance, the last stron ...

See also:

Kingdom of Gwynedd, Kingdom of Gwynedd - Government, Kingdom of Gwynedd - Administration, Kingdom of Gwynedd - End of Independence, Kingdom of Gwynedd - List of Kings/Princes, Kingdom of Gwynedd - Fictional reference

Read more here: » Kingdom of Gwynedd: Encyclopedia II - Kingdom of Gwynedd - Government

The following represent solely Shia arguments against perceived Sunni persecution: Shias claim that The House of Saud has made no secret of declaring the Shi'a as "not being Muslims"The Arab Shia: The Forgotten Muslims, by Graham E. Fuller and Rend Rahim Francke. New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1999, chap1, ISBN 0-312-23956-4) [3], or "Mushrik". They claim this is evident from the Shia minority in Saudia Arabia which has absolutely no political power or rights. [4][5][6] Note that Saudi Arabia is an ab ...

See also:

Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Origins of the schism, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Abbasid era, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Fatwas, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - The spread of Shiism in the middle ages, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Modern Shi'a-Sunni relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Autonomy, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Improving relations, Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Shia positions

Read more here: » Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations: Encyclopedia II - Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations - Shia positions

The Carolingian kingship traditionally begins with the deposition of the last Merovingian king, with papal assent, and the accession in 751 of Pippin the Short, father of Charlemagne. Pippin had succeeded his own father, Charles Martel, as Mayor of the Palace of a reunited and re-erected Frankish kingdom comprised of the formerly independent parts. Pippin reigned as an elected king. Although such elections happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law stated that the king relied on the support of his leading men. These men res ...

See also:

Franks, Franks - The earliest records of the Franks, Franks - Foundation of the Frankish kingdom, Franks - The Merovingians, Franks - Clovis, Franks - The Carolingians, Franks - Charlemagne, Franks - Later Carolingians, Franks - Carolingian legacy, Franks - Crusaders and other Western Europeans as Franks

Read more here: » Franks: Encyclopedia II - Franks - The Carolingians

In 726 Emperor Leo III published an edict forbidding the use of images in the Church. His soldiers consequently removed images from churches throughout the Byzantine Empire. Germanus, the patriarch of Constantinople, protested the edict. He wrote a letter appealing to Pope Gregory II in Rome in 729. Emperor Leo deposed Germanus as patriarch soon afterwards. Pope Gergory opposed Leo and urged him to retract the edict, which Leo refused to do. ...

See also:

Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople, Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople - Background, Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople - Anastasius's Patriarchate

Read more here: » Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople - Background

201: New Jersey (Jersey City, Hoboken, Bayonne, Hackensack, and northeast New Jersey, overlays with 551) 202: District of Columbia (all) 203: Connecticut (Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury and southwestern Connecticut, overlays with 475) 204: Manitoba (all) 205: Alabama (Originally the code for the entire state, it still covers the largest city, Birmingha ...

See also:

List of North American area codes, List of North American area codes - 200, List of North American area codes - 300, List of North American area codes - 400, List of North American area codes - 500, List of North American area codes - 600, List of North American area codes - 700, List of North American area codes - 800, List of North American area codes - 900

Read more here: » List of North American area codes: Encyclopedia II - List of North American area codes - 200

The origin of Ferrara is uncertain; it is unlikely that it occupies the site of the ancient Forum Alieni, as some suppose. It was probably settled by the inhabitants of the lagoons at the mouth of the Po. It appears first in a document of the Lombard king Aistulf of 754(?), as a city forming part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. After 984 it was a fief of Tedaldo, count of Modena and Canossa, nephew of the emperor Otto I. It afterwards made itself independent, and in 1101 was taken by siege by the countess Matilda. At this time it was mainly dominated by several great families, am ...

See also:

Ferrara, Ferrara - History, Ferrara - Main sights, Ferrara - Ferrara in culture

Read more here: » Ferrara: Encyclopedia II - Ferrara - History

Most academic scholars agree that Muhammad had not explicitly established how the Muslim community was to be governed after his death. Two questions faced these early Muslims: who was to succeed Muhammad, and what sort of authority he was to exercise. Caliph - Succession to Muhammad. Fred Donner, in his book The Early Islamic Conquests (1981), argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and choose a le ...

See also:

Caliph, Caliph - Origins of the caliphate, Caliph - Succession to Muhammad, Caliph - The authority of the caliph, Caliph - The history of the caliphate, Caliph - How the Caliphate came to an end, Caliph - Revival of the caliphate, Caliph - Famous caliphs, Caliph - Dynasties, Caliph - Claims to the caliphate, Caliph - Lists of Caliphal dynasties and seats, Caliph - The Rashidun Righteously Guided, Caliph - The Umayyads of Damascus, Caliph - The Abbasids of Baghdad, Caliph - The Abbasid branch of Cairo, Caliph - The Ottoman Padishahs, Caliph - The secular Republic of Turkey, Caliph - The Sharifan house in now Saudi Arabia

Read more here: » Caliph: Encyclopedia II - Caliph - Origins of the caliphate

Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs. Khalid ibn al-Walid (635-636) Abu Ubaid (636-637) Amr ibn al-Aas (637-640) Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan (640) Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640-661) Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus. Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661-680) Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680-683) Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683-684) Marwan I ibn Hakam (684-685) Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705)See also:

Rulers of Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Canaanite, Rulers of Damascus - Aram Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Period of non-independence, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty ruling in Damascus, Rulers of Damascus - Abbasid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Fatimid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Seljuk emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Burid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Zengid atabegs, Rulers of Damascus - Ayyubid sultans, Rulers of Damascus - Mameluk Bahrid emirs, Rulers of Damascus - Ottoman walis, Rulers of Damascus - Hashemite kingdom, Rulers of Damascus - Capital of Syria

Read more here: » Rulers of Damascus: Encyclopedia II - Rulers of Damascus - Ummayad dynasty

The Roman Catholic Church spent its first three centuries as an outlawed organization and was thus unable to hold or transfer property. After the ban was lifted by the Emperor Constantine I, the church's private property grew quickly through the donations of the pious and the wealthy; the Lateran Palace was the first significant donation, a gift of Constantine himself. Other donations soon followed, mainly in mainland Italy but also in the provinces. However, the Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, not as a sovereign entit ...

See also:

Papal States, Papal States - Origins, Papal States - The Donation of Pippin and the Holy Roman Empire, Papal States - The Renaissance, Papal States - The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon, Papal States - Italian nationalism and the end of the Papal States, Papal States - Institutions

Read more here: » Papal States: Encyclopedia II - Papal States - Origins

Lebuinus was a monk in Wilfrid's monastery at Ripon. Inspired by the example of Saint Boniface, Saint Willibrord and other great English missionaries, he resolved to devote his life to the conversion of the Germans. After his ordination he proceeded in 754 to Utrecht, and was welcomed by Saint Gregory, acting bishop of that place, who entrusted him with the mission of Overijssel on the borders of Westphalia, and gave him as a companion Marchelm (or Marcellinus) ...

See also:

Lebuinus, Lebuinus - Life, Lebuinus - Death, Lebuinus - Veneration, Lebuinus - Literature

Read more here: » Lebuinus: Encyclopedia II - Lebuinus - Life

Unlike its AMD brethren, the Intel Edition is a chipset in the truest sense of the word as it has both a northbridge and southbridge. This change in design was necessitated because, unlike the Athlon64/Opteron, the Pentium 4 does not have an on-board memory controller thus requiring NVIDIA to include one in the chipset. In addition to supporting Pentium 4 processors (with up to a 1066MHz fsb) the chipset includes support for DDR-2 RAM. Apart from these two differences, the nForce4 SLI Intel Edition ...

See also:

NForce4, NForce4 - Types, NForce4 - Common Features, NForce4 - nForce4/nForce4-4x, NForce4 - nForce4 Ultra, NForce4 - nForce4 SLI, NForce4 - nForce4 SLI Intel Edition, NForce4 - nForce4 SLI x16, NForce4 - nForce410/430

Read more here: » NForce4: Encyclopedia II - NForce4 - nForce4 SLI Intel Edition

Winfrid again set out in 718, visited Rome, and was commissioned in 719 by Pope Gregory II, who gave him his new name of Boniface, to evangelize in Germany and reorganize the church there. For five years he laboured in Hesse, Thuringia and Frisia, and on November 30, 722, he was elevated to bishop of the German territories he would bring into the fold of the Roman Church. In 723, Boniface felled the holy oak tree dedicated to Thor near the present-day town of Fritzlar in northern Hesse. He built a chapel from its wood at the site wher ...

See also:

Saint Boniface, Saint Boniface - Early Life, Saint Boniface - First Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes, Saint Boniface - Boniface and the Carolingians, Saint Boniface - Last Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Trivia

Read more here: » Saint Boniface: Encyclopedia II - Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes

The Roman stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus in 13 BC. Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The castrum was the base of Legio XIV Gemina and XVI Gallica (9–43 AD), Legion XXII Pia Fidelis Primagenia, IV Macedonica (43–70), I Adiutrix (70-88), XXI Rapax (70-89), and XIV Gemina (70–92), among others. Mainz w ...

See also:

Mainz, Mainz - Introduction, Mainz - History, Mainz - Sights, Mainz - Miscellaneous, Mainz - Twinning, Mainz - Alternative names

Read more here: » Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Mainz - History

The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the Caliphate on their descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (AD 566-652), one of the youngest uncles of the Prophet Muhammad, by virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of the Prophet as opposed to the Umayyads. The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe. The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their secularism, moral character and administration in general. ...

See also:

Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link

Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads

Nîmes - Prehistory. The site on which the built-up area of Nimes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which buts up against low hills: to the North-East, the Mr. Duplan; to the South-West, Montaury; to the West, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc. Nîmes - From 4000 to 2000 BC. The site know as Serre Paradis belongs to the New Stone Age (Neolithic). This deposit reveals the presence of semi-noma ...

See also:

Nîmes, Nîmes - History, Nîmes - The Origins of Nimes, Nîmes - Prehistory, Nîmes - From 4000 to 2000 BC, Nîmes - From 1800 to 1 BC, Nîmes - From 600 BC to 49 BC, Nîmes - The Gallo-Roman Period, Nîmes - From the 4th to 5th century, Nîmes - The Time of Invasions, Nîmes - From the 17th Century to the Revolution, Nîmes - From the Revolution to the present pay, Nîmes - Sights, Nîmes - Miscellaneous, Nîmes - People born in Nîmes, Nîmes - Mayors

Read more here: » Nîmes: Encyclopedia II - Nîmes - The Origins of Nimes

The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the Caliphate on their descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (AD 566-652), one of the youngest uncles of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, by virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads. The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe. The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their secularism, moral character and administration in gene ...

See also:

Abbasid, Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads, Abbasid - Consolidation and schisms, Abbasid - The Mamluks, Abbasid - Learning under the Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid - The end of the caliphate, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Abbasid - Abbasid Caliphs on behalf of Mamluk Sultans of Cairo, Abbasid - Notes, Abbasid - External link

Read more here: » Abbasid: Encyclopedia II - Abbasid - Revolt against the Umayyads

History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War. For details, see the main Eighty Years' War article. Through inheritance and conquest, all of the Low Countries became possessions of the Habsburg dynasty under Charles V in the 16th century, who united them into one state. The east of the Netherlands was occupied only a few decades before the Dutch struggle for independence. However, in 1548, eight years before his abdication from the throne, Emperor Charles V granted the Seventeen Provin ...

See also:

History of the Netherlands, History of the Netherlands - Pre-history era, History of the Netherlands - Roman era, History of the Netherlands - Holy Roman Empire, History of the Netherlands - Burgundian period, History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Eighty Years' War, History of the Netherlands - Golden Age, History of the Netherlands - Batavian revolution, History of the Netherlands - Batavian Republic and French rule, History of the Netherlands - Monarchy, History of the Netherlands - 20th century, History of the Netherlands - World War II, History of the Netherlands - Post-war years

Read more here: » History of the Netherlands: Encyclopedia II - History of the Netherlands - Struggle for independence and the Golden Age

Nîmes - Prehistory. The site on which the built-up area of Nimes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which buts up against low hills: to the North-East, the Mr. Duplan; to the South-West, Montaury; to the West, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc. Nîmes - From 4000 to 2000 BC. The site know as Serre Paradis belongs to the New Stone Age (Neolithic). This deposit reveals the presence of semi-noma ...

See also:

Nîmes, Nîmes - History, Nîmes - The Origins of Nimes, Nîmes - Prehistory, Nîmes - From 4000 to 2000 BC, Nîmes - From 1800 to 1 BC, Nîmes - From 600 BC to 49 BC, Nîmes - The Gallo-Roman Period, Nîmes - From the 4th to 5th century, Nîmes - The Time of Invasions, Nîmes - From the 17th Century to the Revolution, Nîmes - From the Revolution to the Present Day, Nîmes - Sights, Nîmes - Miscellaneous, Nîmes - People born in Nîmes, Nîmes - Mayors

Read more here: » Nîmes: Encyclopedia II - Nîmes - The Origins of Nimes